Ekonomi Kepulauan Falkland

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Lompat ke: pandu arah, cari
Translation arrow-indic.svg
 Tolong bantu menterjemahkan sebahagian rencana ini.
Rencana ini memerlukan kemaskini dalam Bahasa Melayu piawai Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Sila membantu, bahan-bahan boleh didapati di Economy of the Falkland Islands.
Sumber-sumber bantuan: Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu.
Ekonomi Kepulauan Falkland
300px
One-pound coin of the Falkland Islands pound
Mata wang Paun Falkland
Tahun fiskal 1 April–31 Mac
Pertubuhan perdagangan N/A
Statistik
KDNK (pariti kuasa beli) $105,100,000 (anggaran 2002)
Rank: 219[1] ({{{rank}}} [1])
Pertumbuhan KDNK N/A
KDNK per kapita PKB: $35,400 (anggaran 2002)
KDNK mengikut sektor pertanian (NA%), Industri (NA%), Perkhidmatan (NA%)
Inflasi (indeks harga pengguna) 3.6% (1998)
Jumlah penduduk di bawah garis kemiskinan N/A
Indeks Gini
Tenaga buruh 1,724
Tenaga buruh mengikut pekerjaan pertanian 95% (lebih banyak menggiring biri-biri dan memancing)
Pengangguran penuh pekerjaan; kekurangan tenaga kerja
Industri utama pemerosesan ikan dan sakhlat; pelancongan
Rakan perdagangan
Eksport sakhlat, kulit, daging, cumi-cumi $125 juta (anggaran 2004)
Barang eksport
Rakan utama Sepanyol 77.4%, UK 9.4%, AS 4.9% (2004)
Import bahan bakar, makanan dan minuman, bahan bangunan, pakaian, $90 juta (anggaran 2004)
Barang import
Rakan utama UK 63.2%, Srpanyol 30.3%, Perancis 3.6% (2004)
Kewangan awam
Hutang negara N/A
Hasil $66.2 juta
Perbelanjaan $67.9 juta (anggaran FY97/98)
Bantuan ekonomi $0 (anggaran 1997)
Sumber utama [2]
Semua nilai dalam dolar Amerika Syarikat, kecuali dinyatakan sebaliknya.

Ekonomi Kepulauan Falkland, yang pertama melibatkan kapal anjing laut, penangkapan ikan paus dan provisioning, menjadi sangat bergantung pada pertanian biri-biri dari tahun 1870 hingga 1980. Kemudian kepelbagaian dan sekarang mempunyai pendapatan dari sektor pelancongan, penangkapan ikan komersial, dan perkhidmatan industri perikanan serta pertanian. Kepulauan Falkland mempunyai standard hidup yang tertinggi di Amerika Selatan. Pulau-pulau menggunakan pon Falkland, yang terikat dengan Sterling.

Isi kandungan

[sunting] Perkembangan bersejarah

Sebuah pukat cumi-cumi, dan sebuah kapal pesiar di Port William mewakili dua kecenderungan dalam perkembangan ekonomi baru-baru ini

Semasa abad ke-19, depot persediaan dan penyelenggaraan kapal di Stanley berkembang menjadi pelabuhan yang melayani kapal pembundaran Cape Horn. Ada juga perdagangan menyembunyikan lembu dari keturunan lembu liar diperkenalkan oleh penduduk Perancis pada akhir abad ke-18. Ladang biri-biri kemudian diperkenalkan, mengambil alih daripada perdagangan ternakan pada 1870-an dan menjadi mandiri oleh 1885. Pulau-pulau juga memberikan asas dengan ikan paus dan anjing laut, dengan kilang-kilang yang dibina di Falkland Timur dan South Georgia, tetapi industri ini berakhir, meninggalkan perdagangan sakhlat sebagai andalan ekonomi pulau '.

Pada 1980-an, kelayakan ekonomi pulau-pulau itu dalam keraguan, tetapi dalam pasca Falkland Perang ada komitmen baru dari kerajaan Inggeris. The Kepulauan Falkland Development Corporation ditubuhkan pada pertengahan tahun 1984 dan dalam laporan tahunannya di akhir tahun itu itu ditetapkan dengan meningkatkan kesempatan kerja dengan kepelbagaian menggalakkan, untuk meningkatkan tahap penduduk melalui imigresen selektif, yang bertujuan dengan jangka panjang dan membantu diri dengan memperbaiki kemudahan masyarakat. Untuk mencapai hal ini, Corporation dikenalpasti pembaikan pertanian, pelancongan, jelapang tenaga, pembangunan sektor industri dan perkhidmatan, industri perikanan, dan pembahagian lahan sebagai daerah dengan mengatasi.

Syarikat yang terbesar di pulau-pulau yang digunakan untuk menjadi Kepulauan Falkland Syarikat (FIC), sebuah syarikat awam yang dikutip pada London Stock Exchange. Syarikat ini bertanggung jawab atas sebahagian besar kegiatan ekonomi di pulau, walaupun ladang syarikat telah dijual pada tahun 1991 kepada Kerajaan Kepulauan Falkland. Syarikat ini sekarang mengendalikan beberapa gerai runcit di Stanley dan terlibat dalam perkhidmatan pelabuhan dan operasi penghantaran.

Pada April 2002, Guardian melaporkan bahawa ekonomi Falkland 'itu booming, dengan pendapatan daripada sektor pelancongan dan jualan lesen penangkapan ikan cumi serta dari syarikat perikanan adat dengan perahu tempatan berdaftar. Perahu nelayan melawat pulau-pulau dari Sepanyol, Korea, Taiwan dan Jepun, dan mendapatkan bekalan dan perkhidmatan dari pulau-pulau.

Pada tahun 2007, Argentina menarik[2] dari perjanjian 1995[3] bahawa jangka masa yang ditetapkan untuk eksploitasi sumber daya lepas pantai. Dianggarkan bahawa mungkin ada sampai dengan Templat:Convert/Goilbbl dari minyak di bawah dasar laut di sekitar pulau.[4] Keinginan Rockhopper Eksplorasi Minyak dan mula pengeboran minyak di sekitar Falkland pada semester pertama tahun 2010, mencetuskan protes keras dari kerajaan Argentina. kepulauan Seorang berkata kepada BBC bahawa "kita adalah orang paling beruntung yang pernah terlibat dalam perang."[kutipan diperlukan]

Publisiti mengacau minat pelancong. Pulau-pulau yang sekarang menjadi pelabuhan biasa panggilan dengan [kapal pesiar []] s. Pengunjung dapat melihat apa yang pulau dahulu dianggap sebagai membosankan kewujudan mereka. Ada bercuti sarana dan aktiviti seperti memancing ikan trout, golf, berkuda dan belayar; tarikan lain termasuk pelancongan dari medan perang, pemandangan dan satwa liar, terutama penguin, burung laut, segel dan anjing laut. Sejumlah besar bangkai kapal abad ke-19 di sekitar pulau-pulau menarik penyelam rekreasi.

Namun, perselisihan diplomatik dengan Argentina terganggu pelancongan sedikit pada tahun 2004. Buenos Aires menolak kebenaran dengan penerbangan sewaan dari Chile yang berfungsi kapal pesiar dengan terbang di atas Argentina dengan mencapai pulau.

[sunting] Gambaran keseluruhan ekonomi

Kepulauan Falkland mempunyai KDNK sebanyak $ 105 juta, dan KDNK per kapita $ 35,400 (2002 anggaran) menempatkan pulau sejajar dengan United Kingdom (KDNK per kapita $ 35,200 - 2009 anggaran).[1] The contributors to the GDP by sector (2010 forecast) are:[5]

  • Perikanan - 52.5%
  • Kerajaan (termasuk kesihatan dan pendidikan) - 14.0%
  • Komunikasi, Kewangan dan perkhidmatan Perniagaan - 11.4%
  • Restoran & Pengangkutan - 7.7%
  • Pembinaan - 6.6%
  • Perumahan dan perkhidmatan yang lain - 3.2%
  • Perlombongan. Penggalian & Pengeluaran - 2.1%
  • Pertanian - 1.6%
  • Utiliti - 0.9%

Pada tahun kewangan 2009/10, penerimaan kerajaan adalah £ 42,400,000 yang £ 14,500,000 berasal dari lesen perikanan dan perkhidmatan dan £ 10,500,000 dari cukai. Semasa tempoh yang sama perbelanjaan kerajaan adalah £ 47,600,000.[6]

Penunjuk ekonomi yang lain termasuk:[1]

Elektrik - pengeluaran: (2003) 22,230,000 kWh

Elektrik - pengeluaran berdasarkan sumber: (1998)

  • bakar fosil: 70%
  • angin: 30%

Elektrik - pengambilan: (2003) 20,680,000 kWh

[sunting] Perbankan

Kepulauan Falkland tidak memiliki bank sentral tetapi Standard Chartered Bank yang memiliki satu cabang di Stanley yang menawarkan kemudahan perbankan retail, komersial dan grosir.[7]

Perlembagaan menghendaki gabenor pulau-pulau dengan mendapatkan kelulusan daripada setiausaha negara [British] sebelum bersetuju dengan setiap bil yang mempengaruhi "mata wang dari Kepulauan Falkland atau berkaitan dengan masalah wang kertas" atau bil yang menetapkan" setiap persatuan perbankan atau menukar perlembagaan, hak atau kewajipan atau perkumpulan apapun".[8] Sekatan ini adalah efektif Kerajaan British memberikan kemampuan untuk mengelakkan kerajaan pulau itu dari menyatakan pulau-pulau menjadi syurga cukai atau dari mendirikan bank sentral.

[sunting] Pertanian

Lahan pertanian menyumbang sedikit lebih dari 80% dari luas tanah Falkland.[9] Pertanian Domba dulunya adalah sumber utama pendapatan dengan pulau-pulau dan masih memegang peranan penting dengan eksport sakhlat high quality pergi ke UK:[1] menurut Kerajaan Falkland Statistik ada lebih dari 500,000 biri-biri di pulau-pulau. Kira-kira 40% dari kawanan negara berada di Falkland Barat dan 60% di Falkland Timur.[9] Kawanan biri-biri mulia Corriedale dan Polwarth keturunan dengan Merino Dohne, Afrika Selatan Daging Merinos, Afrinos dan pembiakan lain yang telah diperkenalkan dengan meningkatkan dengan kehalusan ciri-ciri sakhlat dan daging.[10] Harga sakhlat mengalami kemerosotan pada tahun 2005 / 6 dan kemuncaknya pada tahun 2008. Sejak tahun 2003 premi yang relatif diperintahkan oleh sakhlat high yang lebih tinggi telah meningkat dengan sakhlat kasar kehilangan harga tinggi di 2008. Review harga dengan tempoh 2002 hingga 2010, yang sering ditetapkan oleh nilai tukar Australia dan keadaan cuaca[11] is shown below:[12]

Fibre diameter Minimum price (p/kg) Maximum price (p/kg)
32 micron 130 (2007) 210 (2003)
28 micron 180 (2006) 280 (2003)
24 micron 255 (2006) 530 (2010)
20 micron 290 (2005) 590 (2010)

Walaupun pengeluaran sakhlat tersebar di semua pulau, ladang haiwan dengan disembelih tertumpu di Falkland Timur mana Kesatuan Eropah mengakui penjagalan Send Bayterletak.[13] An additional cost borne by producers on West Falklands is the fare charged for crossing the Falklands Sound. As of 2010, the ferry company making the crossing charged commercial vehicles £30 per metre for a single trip plus £2 per head of sheep. Wool on the other hand is charged "£45 per tonne delivered to Stanley".[14]

Peningkatan jumlah petani yang membekalkan biri-biri ke Kepulauan Falkland Daging Syarikat. rumah potong haiwan menerima akreditasi eksport pada bulan Disember 2002 dan mula mengeksport daging di Mei 2003.[15] Jumlah penternakan biri-biri membekalkan meningkat dari 6 pada tahun 2003 menjadi 27 di 2007 sedangkan jumlah biri-biri dihantar ke rumah potong haiwan meningkat dari 2600 ke 11,963 pada tempoh yang sama.[16]

Statistik dipilih dengan tahun 2008/9 sehubungan dengan penternakan biri-biri diberikan di bawah ini:

Daerah Kawasan yang digunakan Untuk biri-biri (ha) Jumlah biri-biri Biri-biri disembelih Wol terpotong (Kg) Rata-rata bulu (Kg) Berminyak sakhlat hasil (kg/ha)
Falkland Timur 612,935 292,917 22,023 923,632 3.69 1.86
Falkland Barat 425,592 182,741 7,839 602,618 3.60 1.54
Pulau 85,458 28,962 4,197 110,595 4.55 1.69
Jumlah 1,123,985 504,620 34,059 1,636,845 3.95 1.70

Ada juga sebilangan kecil lembu, babi dan kuda di pulau yang dipelihara dengan kegunaan tempatan.[9]

[sunting] Fishing

Map of the Falkland Islands economic zone in relation to her neighbours

Although Lord Shackleton's Report (1982) recommended the setting up of a 200-batu-nautika (Templat:Convert/multi2LoffAonSon) fisheries limit which gave an impetus to the fishing industry, the report did not go into much detail regarding the expansion of the industry.[17] The Falkland Islands Development Corporation which was formed as a result of the Shakelton Report provided the impetus for the Falkland Islands to exploit their marine environment.

[sunting] Fishing grounds

The Falkland Islands' fishing waters are part of the 2.7 million square kilometer Patagonian Shelf large marine ecosystem and are located on a spur from the Pategonian Continental Shelf.[18] Most of the fishing is carried out in water up to 200 meter (660 ka) deep on this spur or on the Burnwood Bank -another spur laying on an undersea ridge to the south the Falkland Islands and separated from the islands by a deep channel known as the Falklands Trough. At its highest point, the Burnwood Bank is 46 meter (151 ka) below sea level.

The principal ocean currents in the Falkland Island waters are the West Wind Drift, a cold current from the Southern Pacific Ocean that flows westwards to the south of the Burwood Bank[19] and the north flowing cold Falklands current, an offshoot of the West Wind Drift that curls around the east of Falklands Plateau and along the Falklands and Patagonian escarpments.[20] It joins the saltier warm Brazil Current in the vicinity of the mouth of the Río de la Plata to form the South Atlantic Current.[21][22][23]

In 1986 the Falklands opened up their fishing industry to outsiders with the declaration of a 160-batu-nautika (Templat:Convert/multi2LoffAonSon) radius Fisheries Conservation & Management Zone centered on the Falkland Sound. This zone was later to become the Falklands Inner Conservation Zone (FICZ). Apart from the Falkland Trough, this zone lies within the continental shelf. In 1990 the Falklands Outer Conservation Zone (FOCZ) was declared – a zone that lay between the perimeter of the FICZ and the Falklands 200-nautical-mile economic zone boundary. The FOCZ includes part of the Burnwood Bank, borders on the confines of the continental shelf and includes part of the Falklands Escarpment - a 2,000-meter (6,600 ka) undersea escarpment running east-west.

At the same time that the FOCZ was declared, the Argentine declared its 200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and together with the British Government (acting on behalf of the Falkland Islands) set up the South Atlantic Fisheries Commission (SAFC) to coordinate the management of fishing stocks in the area.[24]

[sunting] Fish Stocks

Most of the fish that are harvested in the Falkland Islands waters are either squid or finfish. Other types of fish form an insignificant part of the Falkland Islands' catch. A significant number of the fish that are taken are migratory with the spawning grounds and feeding grounds of some species being highly dependent on the water temperature.

[sunting] Cumi-cumi

Illex squid (Illex argentinus) yang biasanya mempunyai panjang mantel 20 hingga 28 sentimeter (7.9 hingga 11 in) dan berat 150 hingga 500 gram (5.3 hingga 18 oz) adalah ikan terpenting pada ekonomi Falkland diikuti oleh sepupu lebih kecilnya, cumi-cumi patagonia (Loligo gahi) yang biasanya mempunyai panjang mantel 10 hingga 15 sentimeter (3.9 hingga 5.9 in) and a weight of 75 hingga 150 gram (2.6 hingga 5.3 oz).[25]

Cumi-cumi lllex mempunyai tapak pembiakan di kuala Río de la Plata dan pola penghijrahan yang membawanya ke arah selatan sepanjang Tebing Patagonian sejauh FICZ kembali ke tapak ia mencari makanan. Ia kemudian kembali ke tapak pembiakan melalui laluan yang terletak melepasi pelantar benua.[26] Dalam beberapa tahun, seperti 2007, memasuki FICZ dengan panen yang baik resultan, itu tahun yang lain, seperti 2009, tidak berhijrah sejauh selatan sebagai FICZ sama sekali.[25] Tangkapan dengan musim 2010 di Falkland pulih kepada 12,105 tan (11,914 LT; 13,343 ST), tetapi masih ke empat terendah sejak permulaan sistem perlesenan. Ia telah dikaitkan dengan suhu air laut lebih rendah dari biasanya selama musim makan pada bulan Februari-Mei.[27]

Cumi-Cumi Patagonia, tidak seperti Illex, kekal di perairan Pulau Falkland sepanjang tahun dan tertumpu di kotak Loloigo - kawasan dalam Pelantar Falklands Plateau ke timur dan tenggara pulau dan dituai semasa kedua-dua musim bunga dan musim gugur.

[sunting] Finfish

In the 1970s many fin fish, particularly the rock cod, a high volume low value fish[28] were exploited to near-extinction. The levels of rock cod taken in the whole of the South Atlantic dropped from 399,700 tan (393,400 LT; 440,600 ST) in 1969-70, to 101,560 tan (99,960 LT; 111,950 ST) the following year and 2,740 tan (2,700 LT; 3,020 ST) in 1971/72[29] while the patagonian rockcod was fished to near-extinction in the Shag Rock area.[30] This resulted in a ban on fishing which was only been lifted in 2005. Following the collapse of the Illex industry in 2008/9, the rock cod has become, by weight, the most heavily harvested species in the area.

In 2006, a Spanish vessel on an exploratory trawl found commercial quantities of grenadiers (Macrourus spp., Coelorhynchus spp.) to the south and east of the Falkland Islands at depths between Templat:Convert/and/AoffSoff (2,460 and 2,720 ka) depths in the eastern part of FICZ. It has been estimated that this species needs a stock biomass of 40,000 tan (39,000 LT; 44,000 ST) to produce a sustainable harvest of 3,000 tan (3,000 LT; 3,300 ST) per annum and is now reflected as a separate entry in the tables below.[31]

[sunting] License quota policy and revenue

With the establishment of the FICZ, the Falklands Fisheries Department issued licences that enable foreign vessels to fish in Falklands waters. Initially there were seven classes of licence, but as of the 2009 season, this was increased to ten classes of licence. Each class of licence has its own characteristics – species or combination of species that may be taken, net sizes that may be used and seasons when the licence is valid. The main fishing areas are in waters that are up to 200 meter (660 ka) deep with principal concentrations close to the confluence of the FOCZ, FICZ and EEZ to the north west of the Islands and also on the Burwood Bank – a shallow water to the south of the Islands.[25] Initially licences were issued on a total allowable effort (TAE) but in 2007, the toothfish longline fishery became the first fishery in the Falkland Islands to be issued on a total allowable catch (TAC) basis.[25] Apart from the Islander’s own fleet, the principal fishing fleets come from Spain, Korea and Taiwan. When the Falkland Islands first opened up her waters, the Polish fishing fleet had a presence as did the Japanese, but the Poles stopped fishing in the area in the mid 1990’s and the Japanese in the middle of the first decade of the twenty-first century.[25]

Since 1993, the principal licence classes have been:

  • B licence - Permits the taking of Illex squid.
  • X licence - Permits the taking of Patagonian squid (Loligo).
  • Y licence - Permits the taking of unresticted fin fish (The Southern blue whitting and the Hoki in particular are classed as restricted finship).

Revenue from licence fees (£ millions)[25]

Licence type 1989-1993
(Average)		 1994-1998
(Average)		 1999-2003
(Average)		 2004-2008
(Average)		 2009 Average
1989-2009
B 19.91 12.45 13.60 4.09 0.00 11.92
X 3.77 3.58 3.67 1.70 1.94 3.12
Y 0.80 2.08 1.80 3.07 4.24 2.05
Others 1.70 3.67 4.87 4.65 4.67 3.76
Total 26.18 21.78 23.93 13.51 10.85 20.85

[sunting] International Cooperation

The Antarctic Treaty was signed by both the United Kingdom and Argentina in 1959. In its wake, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty signed by 24 nations and covering the area that includes most of the Falkland Islands watrers, came into force in 1982,[32] having been signed by the United Kingdom on 31 August 1981 and Argentina on 28 May 1982.[33] The convention covers Southern Ocean ecosystem which is generally accepted as being south of approximately 50° to 55°S. The CCAMLR provides a forum for exchanging information regarding marine life in the Antarctic region and has the authority to ban the harvesting of certain type of fish and also to ban or put restrictions on the use of certain methods of harvetsing. The convention requires that member states who are not parties to the Antacrtic Treaty accept certain provisions of that treaty.[34]

The South Atlantic Fisheries Commission (SAFC) was set up in 1990 between the Argentine and the United Kingdom (acting on behalf of the Falkland Islands) to exchange information and to coordinate fishing activities in the South Atlantic. One of their prime activities was the monitoring of the Illex spawning stock biomass (SSB). If the SSB drops below a threshold of 40,000 tan (39,000 LT; 44,000 ST) the SAFC recommend will early closure of the fishing season.[35] Since 2005 the SAFC has been largely moribund as the Argentine Government reduced co-operation, declining to continue the routine joint meeting process and suspending joint scientific activities.[35] She has since extended her claim to all of the Falkland Island waters.[36]

[sunting] Catch Statistics

The table below shows the average catch in tonnes of various species (as categorised by FIFD - Falkland Island Fishing Department) for successive five-year periods.[25]

Common Name Fish type Season 1989-1993
(Average)		 1994-1998
(Average)		 1999-2003
(Average)		 2004-2008
(Average)		 2009
Red Cod Salilota australis fin Feb-Nov 4350 6564 4932 3598 5079
Southern blue whiting Micromesistius australis fin Sep-Mar 45053 31834 24675 20309 10395
Illex squid Illex argentinus squid Mar-Jun 161277 89120 144665 72656 44
Kingklip Genypterus blacodes fin Feb-Nov 1274 1635 1720 2483 3395
Patagonian squid Loligo gahi squid Feb-Apr
Jul-Sep		 78238 60646 44811 44595 31475
Martialia squid Martialia hyadesi squid 36 2003 52 5 0
Common Hake
Austral hake[37]		 Merluccius hubbsi
Merluccius spp
Merluccius Australis		 fin Mar-Oct 8448 2003 2583 7763
690		 13051
0
Skates and rays Rajidae skate & ray Apr-Dec 5361 3769 4060 5009 5865
Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides fin all year 546 1806 2112 1640 1419
Hoki Macruronus magellanicus fin Feb-Nov 9612 14973 21770 18992 23170
Grenadiers[38] Macrouridae Grenadiers fin 787 958
Rock cod[38] Patagonotothen fin 46986 58149
Scallop Zygochlamys patagonica Mollusc 273 764 13
Other all year 2285 1662 2749 3706 246
Total 316479 215632 254284 203182 153258

[sunting] Tourism

In 1982, an average of 500 tourists visited the Falklands per annum. In 2007, this figure had grown to 55,000.[39]

The tourist industry and is managed by the Falkland Islands Tourist Board (FITB) - a 'Company Limited by Guarantee'.[40] In 2010, the transport and hospitality sector was expected to contribute £7.8 million or 7.7% of the island’s GDP.[5] Tourism forms a significant part of this figure with land-based visitors expected to contribute £2.7 million to the Islands’ economy in 2010.[41] The islands have become a regular port of call for the growing market of cruise ships. Attractions include the scenery and wildlife conservation with penguins, seabirds, seals and sealions, as well as visits to battlefields, golf, fishing and wreck diving. In addition to accommodation in Stanley, there are tourist lodges at Port Howard, Darwin, Pebble Island, Carcass Island and Sea Lion Island. Self-catering accommodation at holiday cottages on island farms. The total contribution of tourism to the Islands’ is expected to reach £5.4 million in 2010.[41]

During the 2008-2009 season almost 69,000 tourists visited the Falklands, with 62,600 of these arriving onboard cruise or expedition vessels.[40] Since cruise liners have their own accommodation, substantial numbers of tourists can be accommodated at once, such as an occasion in 2005 when 3000 tourists visited the islands in one day.[42]

Other sources of "tourist" revenue include spending by the British military personnel based on the islands, by business travellers and by pilgrims to the graves of both British and Argentine soldiers who fell in the 1982 Falklands War. Although there is still a resentment in the Islands to the Argentine occupation, the Falkland Islands Government continues "to respect the need for Argentine veterans of the 1982 conflict and their next of kin to visit the battlefield sites and the cemetery at Darwin". Such visits are arranged in conjunction with LAT (Chilean Airlines) who, on such occasions, use larger aircraft than normal for the weekly flights.[43]

[sunting] Energy and minerals

Four sedimentary basins that could potentially contain hydrocarbons have been identified in the Falkland Island waters.[44] They are:

  • North Falkland Basin which is located to the north of the islands.
  • Falklands Plateau Basin which is located to the east of the East Falkland.
  • South Falklands Basin which lies to the south-east of the islands and extends up to the Falklands Trough.
  • Malvinas Basin which lies to the south-west of West Falkland, between that island and Tierra del Fuego at the head of the Falklands Trough. Part of this basin lies in Argentine waters.

The latter three basins are part of a larger contiguous formation.

An agreement with Argentina had set the terms for exploitation of offshore resources including large oil reserves[45] as it was thought that there might be up to Templat:Convert/Goilbbl of oil under the sea bed surrounding the islands.[46] However, in 2007 Argentina unilaterally withdrew from the agreement.[47] In response, Falklands Oil and Gas Limited has signed an agreement with BHP Billiton to investigate the potential exploitation of oil reserves.[48] Climatic conditions of the southern seas mean that exploitation will be a difficult task, though economically viable, and the continuing sovereignty dispute with Argentina is hampering progress.[49] In February 2010, exploratory drilling for oil was begun by Desire Petroleum,[50] but the results from the first test well were disappointing.[51] Two months later, on 6 May 2010, when Rockhopper Exploration announced that "it may have struck oil",[52] Argentina’s Foreign Minister warned that his country would take all possible lawful steps to impede British oil exploration and production there.[53] On 17 September 2010, Rockhopper Exploration published the results of the borehole analysis - the well was drilled in water 451 m deep and a flowtest showed that a payable oil column of 53 m was capable of producing over Templat:Convert/oilbbl/d.[54]

[sunting] Philately and numismatics

Halfpenny stamp, 1891

In October 1877, the Secretary of State of the Colonial Office, the Earl of Carnarvon began the process of application for the Falkland Islands to join the General Postal Union (renamed Universal Postal Union in 1879). The first stamps, 1d, 6d, and 1 shilling values featuring the usual profile of Queen Victoria, were issued 19 June 1878. Since then the islands have issued their own stamps, which are a source of revenue from overseas collectors. Between 2000 and 2008, the islands issued between six and eight sets of commemorative stamps.[55] The workload placed on the Falkland Islands Post Office by overseas collectors led to the establishments in 1978 of the Falkland Islands Philatelic Bureau.[56] The Bureau also handles philately-related sales on behalf of the governments of Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands and of the British Antarctic Territory.

The issue of coins and banknotes by the Falkland Islands Government may only be done with the authorisation of the British Government. Coins for local use were first struck in 1974 and are the same size as the corresponding British coins. There is a flourishing business in the issue of commemorative coins struck on behalf of the Falkland Island Government for collectors - in particular the 2007 series of coins that commemorated the 25th anniversary of the liberation of islands attracted much attention.[57] The Falkland Islands Government (FIG) is required to deposit 110% of the face value of any coins struck on its behalf into its currency fund.[58] In the case of commemorative coins that are unlikely to be redeemed, this money represents a long-term investment. In many cases the set-up and production costs are carried by the mint concerned, who pay the FIG a royalty on coins that it sells to collectors.[58]

[sunting] See also

[sunting] References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". World Fact Book. Central Intelligence Agency. May 27, 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html. Capaian 2010-06-04. 
  2. ↑ Arie, Sophie. "Argentina snubs UK over oil deal as anniversary nears", The Daily Telegraph, 2007-04-03. Dicapai pada 2007-10-20. 
  3. ↑ Sims, Calvin. "Britain and Argentina Reach an Accord on Falkland Oil Rights", The New York Times, 20 September 1995. Dicapai pada 10 May 2010. 
  4. ↑ "Falklands oil prospects stir Anglo-Argentinian tensions", 7 February 2010. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Preliminary GDP Estimates, 2008–2009 and 2010 Forecast (Constant Prices)". The Falkland Islands Government. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/documents/25%20Feb%20-%20Economic%20Briefing%20and%20Forecast%20for%20the%20Falkland%20Islands-%20Feb%202010%20(2).pdf. Capaian 2010-05-27. 
  6. ↑ "Economy – Background". The Falkland Islands Government. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/Economy.html. Capaian 2010-05-27. 
  7. ↑ "Falkland Islands". Company website. Standard Chartered Bank. http://www.standardchartered.com/fk/en/. Capaian 2010-11-18. 
  8. ↑ "The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008". The Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty in Council. 5 November 2008. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assembly/documents/The%20Falkland%20Islands%20Constitution%20Order%202008.pdf. Capaian 2010-11-18. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Biennial Report 2008/9". Falklands Island Government Department of Agriculture. 31 May 2009. http://www.agriculture.gov.fk/publications/farming_statistics/2008-2009.pdf. Capaian 2010-04-18. 
  10. ↑ "Agriculture in the Falkland Islands [pamphlet"]. Falklands Island Government Department of Agriculture. http://www.agriculture.gov.fk/pdf_files/agricultural_booklet.pdf. Capaian 2010-06-02. 
  11. ↑ Robert Hall (July 2007). "The Wool Press". Falkland Islands Department of Agriculture. http://www.agriculture.gov.fk/publications/wool_press/2007/july_2007.pdf. Capaian 2010-06-02. 
  12. ↑ "The Wool Press; Vol 244; pg 12". Falkland Islands Department of Agriculture. July 2007. http://www.agriculture.gov.fk/publications/wool_press/2010/may_2010.pdf. Capaian 2010-06-02. 
  13. ↑ "Home Page". Falkland Islands Meat Company. http://www.falklands-meat.com/index.htm. Capaian 2010-06-02. 
  14. ↑ "Concordia Bay -Tariffs 2010". Workboat Services Ltd. http://www.workboat.co.fk/downloads/2010CBFares.pdf. Capaian 2010-07-18. [dead link]
  15. ↑ "The Falkland Islands Government - Agriculture". Falkland Islands Government. 2009. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/Agriculture.html. Capaian 31 July 2010. 
  16. ↑ Neil Judd (July 2007). "Is there money in lamb?". The Wool Press, Vol. 211, July 2007, page 3. Department of Agriculture, Falkland Islands Government. http://www.agriculture.gov.fk/publications/wool_press/2007/july_2007.pdf. Capaian 29 July 2010. 
  17. ↑ "Falkland Islands (Shackleton Report)". Hansard - HC Deb 08 December 1982 vol 33 cc851-60. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1982/dec/08/falkland-islands-shackleton-report. Capaian 2010-06-17. 
  18. ↑ "Patagonian Shelf large marine ecosystem". The encyclopedia of Earth. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Patagonian_Shelf_large_marine_ecosystem. Capaian 2010-12-21. 
  19. ↑ Smith,Ryan; Desflots,Melicie; White,Sean; Mariano,Arthur J.; Ryan,Edward H.. "The Antarctic CP Current". Ocean Surface Currents. http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/southern/antarctic-cp.html. Capaian 2010-12-21. 
  20. ↑ Gyory,Joanna; Mariano,Arthur J.; Ryan,Edward H.. "The Malvinas Current". Ocean Surface Currents. http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/atlantic/malvinas.html. Capaian 2010-12-21. 
  21. ↑ Bischof,Barbie; Rowe,Elizabeth; Mariano,Arthur J.; Ryan,Edward H. (2004). "The Brazil Current". Ocean Surface Currents. http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/atlantic/brazil.html. Capaian 2010-12-21. 
  22. ↑ "Goce gravity mission traces ocean circulation". BBC News - Science and Environment. 21 December 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11867162. Capaian 2010-12-21. 
  23. ↑ Lại Trường Thọ. "About Atlantic Ocean Currents". Social Network GlobMaritime. http://www.globmaritime.com/technical-articles/marine-navigation/oceanography/171-about-atlantic-ocean-currents.html. Capaian 2010-12-21. 
  24. ↑ "Management". Falkland Islands Government Fisheries Department. http://www.fis.com/falklandfish/html/management.html. Capaian 2010-06-14. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 "Fisheries Department Fisheries Statistics, Volume 14, 2009:". Falkland Islands Government. 2010. http://fis.com/falklandfish/FisheriesBulletin14.pdf. Capaian 2010-06-14. 
  26. ↑ John Barton (18 April 2007). "The Offshore Fishery; balancing commercial activities & conservation". Falklands Fisheries. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/forum2007_new//documents/w280d320.ppt. Capaian 2010-06-17. 
  27. ↑ Dr. Alexander Arkhipkin. "Illex 2010: the case for improved conservation". Fisheries Information & Services. http://fis.com/fis/people/index.asp?article_id=35&l=e. 
  28. ↑ Ross Shotton. "B17. Southern Ocean". FAO. http://www.sartma.com/art_7746.html. Capaian 2010-06-18. 
  29. ↑ "Regional Reviews: B17 - Southern Oceans". FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 457. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y5852e/Y5852E17.pdf. Capaian 2010-06-18. 
  30. ↑ "Large-scale commercial marine harvesting". Lighthouse Foundation - Foundation for the seas and oceans. http://www.alternative-solution.org/index.php?id=90&L=1. Capaian 2010-06-30. 
  31. ↑ "Fisheries Department Fisheries Statistics, Volume 11, 2006:". Falkland Islands Government. 2007. http://fis.com/falklandfish/FisheriesBulletin11.pdf. Capaian 2010-06-15. 
  32. ↑ "General Introduction". Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) Secretariat. http://www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/gen-intro.htm. Capaian 2010-07-05. 
  33. ↑ "Antarctic Region". United Nations Environment Protection accessdate = 2010-06-30. http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/programmes/independent/antarctic/instruments/r_profile_antic.pdf. 
  34. ↑ "Text of the convention on the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources". 20 May 1980. http://www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/e_pubs/bd/pt1.pdf. Capaian 2010-07-05. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Dr. Alexander Arkhipkin (8 June 2010). "Illex 2010: the case for improved conservation". Fish Information and Services. http://fis.com/fis/people/index.asp?article_id=35&l=e. Capaian 2010-06-16. 
  36. ↑ "Claims and potential claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans by Argentina and the UK". International Boundaries Research Unit, Durham University. 10 June 2010. http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ibru/south_atlantic_maritime_claims.pdf. Capaian 2010-06-26. 
  37. ↑ Between 1990 and 2005, common hake and austral hake were categorised as Merluccius spp. From 2006 onwards they have been categorised as separate species - Merluccius hubbsi and Merluccius Australis
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Was categorised as "others" until the end of 2005.
  39. ↑ "Falkland Focus - News from the Falkland Island Government". July/August 2007. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/documents/Falklands%20Focus%20Issue%2081,%20July%2007.pdf. Capaian 2010-12-29. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Tourism is an important source of revenue to the Falkland Islands.". Falkland Islands Government. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/Tourism.html. Capaian 2010-07-27. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Falklands tourism ready for brighter future after challenging year", 8 April 2010. 
  42. ↑ Sharon Jaffray. "Four Seasons and more than 3,000 Tourists in One Day", 22 April 2005. 
  43. ↑ "Record Of The Budget Meeting of the Legislative Assembly held in Stanley". 26 and 28 May 2009. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assembly/documents/Legislative%20Assembly%20Record%2026-28.05.09.pdf. Capaian 2010-07-27. 
  44. ↑ "Regional geology". Falkland Islands Government Department of Mineral Resources. 2010. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/falklands-oil/reggeol/RegGeo.htm. Capaian 2010-09-03. 
  45. ↑ Sims, Calvin. "Britain and Argentina Reach an Accord on Falkland Oil Rights", The New York Times, 20 September 1995. Dicapai pada 10 May 2010. 
  46. ↑ "Falklands oil prospects stir Anglo-Argentinian tensions", 7 February 2010. 
  47. ↑ Arie, Sophie. "Argentina snubs UK over oil deal as anniversary nears", The Daily Telegraph, 3 April 2007. Dicapai pada 20 October 2007. 
  48. ↑ Mortished, Carl. "BHP Billiton strikes $100m Falklands drilling deal", The Times, 3 October 2007. Dicapai pada 20 October 2007. 
  49. ↑ Webber, Jude. "Argentina protests at Falklands oil stake", The Financial Times, 3 October 2007. Dicapai pada 20 October 2007. 
  50. ↑ "Drilling for oil begins off the Falkland Islands", BBC News, 22 February 2010. Dicapai pada 15 March 2010. 
  51. ↑ Clark, Nick. "Explorers fail to strike oil in test sites off Falklands", The Independent, 30 March 2010. Dicapai pada 9 June 2010. 
  52. ↑ "Falklands oil firm Rockhopper claims discovery", BBC News, 6 May 2010. Dicapai pada 6 May 2010. 
  53. ↑ Decian McGarvey. "Discovery in disputed waters puts Argentina back on the defensive", 8 May 2010. 
  54. ↑ "Result of Flow Test- Sea Lion 14/10-2". Rockhopper Exploration plc. 17 September 2010. http://www.rockhopperexploration.co.uk/pdf/Result_of_Flow_Test_FINAL_RNS.pdf. Capaian 2010-09-21. 
  55. ↑ (2010) Simplified Catalogue - Stamps of the World, Stanley Gibbons. ISBN 978-0-85259-722-4.
  56. ↑ "Falkland Islands". Falkland Islands Philatelic Bureau. http://www.falklandstamps.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100. Capaian 2010-12-29. 
  57. ↑ "Thatcher strikes Falklands coin". BBC News. 31 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/surrey/6706851.stm. Capaian 2010-12-29. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Commemorative Coin – Lifetime of Service". Executive Council of the Falkland Islands Government. 17 August 2010. http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assembly/documents/197-10.pdf. Capaian 2010-12-31. 

[sunting] External links

p • b • s
Economy of Amerika Selatan
Negara berdaulat South America.svg
Wilayah tanggungan
1 Wilayah yang juga di atau biasanya dianggap sebagai sebahagian Amerika Utara dan/atau Amerika Tengah.  2 Wilayah yang juga di atau biasanya dianggap sebagai sebahagian Antartika.
Diambil daripada "http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Kepulauan_Falkland&oldid=1551294"
Alatan peribadi
Ruang nama

Kelainan
Tindakan
Pandu arah
Perhubungan
Cetak/eksport
Alatan
Bahasa lain