Seni khat

Ijazah yang ditulis dalam bahasa Arab mengesahkan kemampuan menulis seni khat Islam, 1206 AH/1791 AD

Khat atau kaligrafi (dari bahasa Greek κάλλος kallos "cantik" + γραφή graphẽ "tulisan") ialah sejenis seni visual. Ia sering digelar seni dalam penulisan (Mediavilla 1996: 17). Takrifan semasa bagi amalan khat adalah "seni bagi memberi bentuk bagi tanda dalam bentuk gambaran, harmoni dan kemahiran" (Mediavilla 1996: 18). Kisah penulisan merupakan satu evolusi kecantikan estetik dibingkai dengan kemahiran teknikal, kepantasan penyampaian dan kekangan material seseorang, masa dan tempat (Diringer 1968: 441). Gaya penulisan digelar skrip, atau huruf (Fraser and Kwiatkowski 2006; Johnston 1909: Plate 6).

Khat moden berbeza antara gambaran huruf tangan dan reka bentuk berfungsi kepada hasil seni halus di mana gambaran abstrak tanda tulisan tangan mungkin atau tidak dikaburkan tulisannya (Mediavilla 1996). Khat klasik berbeza dari tipograf dan tulisan tangan klasik-baru, melalui khat mungkin mencipta semua ini; huruf berdisplin segi sejarah akan tetapi mengalir dan spontan, diperkemas ketika menulia (Pott 2006 and 2005; Zapf 2007 and 2006).

Seni khat terus berkembang dalam bentuk jemputan perkahwinan dan majlis, reka bentuk fon/tipografi, reka bentuk tulisan tangan asal logo, seni keagamaan, pengumuman/reka bentuk grafik/khat ditempah, ukiran tulisan batu dan dokumen peringatan. Ia juga digunakan sebagai prop dan iemj bergerak bagi filem dan televisyen, persaksian, sijil kelahiran dan kematian/peta, dan hasil kerja lain yang membabitkan penulisan (sebagai contoh lihat Letter Arts Review; Propfe 2005; Geddes and Dion 2004).

Seni khat Barat

Seni khat Barat Moden oleh Denis Brown

Sejarah perkembangan

Western calligraphy is recognizable by the use of the Roman alphabet, which evolved from the Phoenician, Greek, and Etruscan alphabets. The first Roman alphabet appeared about 600 BC, in Rome, and by the first century developed into Roman imperial capitals carved on stones, Rustic capitals painted on walls, and Roman cursive for daily use. In the second and third centuries the Uncial lettering style developed. As writing withdrew to monasteries, uncial was found more suitable for copying the Bible and other religious texts. It was the monasteries which preserved the calligraphic traditions during the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Roman Empire fell and Europe entered the Dark Ages.

At the height of the Roman Empire its power reached as far as Great Britain; when the empire fell, its literary influence remained. The Semi-uncial generated the Irish Semi-uncial, the small Anglo-Saxon. Each region seems to have developed its own standards following the main monastery of the region (i.e. Merovingian script, Laon script, Luxeuil script, Visigothic script, Beneventan script), which are mostly cursive and hardly readable.

The rising Carolingian Empire encouraged setting a new standardized script, which was developed by several famous monasteries (including Corbie Abbey and Beauvais) around the eighth century. The script from Saint Martin of Tours was ultimately set as the Imperial standard, named the Carolingian script (or "the Caroline"). From the powerful Carolingian Empire, this standard also became used in neighboring kingdoms.

In the eleventh century, the Caroline evolved into the Gothic script, which was more compact and made it possible to fit more text on a page. The Gothic calligraphy styles became dominant in northern Europe; and in 1454 AD, when Johannes Gutenberg developed the first printing press in Mainz, Germany, he adopted the Gothic style, making it the first typeface.

Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. This bible was hand written in Belgium, by Gerard Brils, for reading aloud in a monastery.

In the sixteenth century, the rediscovery of old Carolingian texts encouraged the creation of the Antiqua script (about 1470). The seventeenth century saw the Batarde script from France, and the eighteenth century saw the English script spread across Europe and world by their books.

The contemporary typefaces found on every computer, from simple word processing programs like Microsoft Word or Apple Pages to professional designer's software packages like Adobe InDesign, owe a considerable debt to the past and to a small number of professional typeface designers today (Zapf 2007; Mediavilla 2006; Henning 2002).

Features of Western calligraphy

Sacred Western calligraphy has some special features, such as the illumination of the first letter of each book or chapter in medieval times. A decorative "carpet page" may precede the literature, filled with ornate, geometrical depictions of bold-hued animals. The Lindisfarne Gospels (715-720 AD) are an early example (Brown 2004).

As with Chinese or Arabian calligraphies, Western calligraphic script had strict rules and shapes. Quality writing had a rhythm and regularity to the letters, with a "geometrical" order of the lines on the page. Each character had, and often still has, a precise stroke order.

Unlike a typeface, irregularity in the characters' size, style and colors adds meaning to the Greek translation "beautiful letters". The content may be completely illegible, but no less meaningful to a viewer with some empathy for the work on view. Many of the themes and variations of today's contemporary Western calligraphy are found in the pages of the Saint John's Bible.

Slavonic lettering

The history of the slavonic and consequently Russian writing systems differs fundamentally from the one of the Latin language.

Alatan

The principal tools for a calligrapher are the pen, which may be flat- or round-nibbed, and the brush (Reaves and Schulte 2006; Child 1985; Lamb 1956). For some decorative purposes, multi-nibbed pens—steel brushes—can be used. However, works have also been made with felt-tip and ballpoint pens, although these works do not employ angled lines. Ink for writing is usually water-based and much less viscous than the oil based inks used in printing. High quality paper, which has good consistency of porosity, will enable cleaner lines,^{[kutipan diperlukan]} although parchment or vellum is often used, as a knife can be used to erase work on them and a light box is not needed to allow lines to pass through it. In addition, light boxes and templates are used to achieve straight lines without pencil markings detracting from the work. Ruled paper, either for a light box or direct use, is most often ruled every quarter or half inch, although inch spaces are occasionally used, such as with litterea unciales (hence the name), and college ruled paper acts as a guideline often as well.

See also

• Seni khat Islam
• Asemic writing
• Chirography
• Ellesmere manuscript
• Ink
• International Association of Master Penman, Engrossers, and Teachers of Handwriting
• List of prominent calligraphers
• List of typographic features
• Marc Drogin - Author of books Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique, and Calligraphy of the Middle Ages and How to Do It
• Paper
• Pen
• Penmanship
• Punchcutting
• Stylus
• Typographic units
• Typography
• Typographic Emphasis

Rujukan

• Anderson, D. M. (2008), Indic calligraphy, Encyclopedia Britannica 2008 .
• Brown, M.P. (2004) Painted Labyrinth: The World of the Lindisfarne Gospel. Revised Ed. British Library.
• Child, H. ed. (1985) The Calligrapher's Handbook. Taplinger Publishing Co.
• Diringer, D. (1968) The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind 3rd Ed. Volume 1 Hutchinson & Co. London
• Fraser, M., & Kwiatowski, W. (2006) Ink and Gold: Islamic Calligraphy. Sam Fogg Ltd. London
• Geddes, A., & Dion, C. (2004) Miracle: a celebration of new life. Photogenique Publishers Auckland.
• Henning, W.E. (2002) An elegant hand : the golden age of American penmanship and calligraphy ed. Melzer, P. Oak Knoll Press New Castle, Delaware
• Johnston, E. (1909) Manuscript & Inscription Letters: For schools and classes and for the use of craftsmen, plate 6. San Vito Press & Double Elephant Press 10th Impression
• Lamb, C.M. ed. (1956) Calligrapher's Handbook. Pentalic 1976 ed.
• Letter Arts Review
• Mediavilla, Claude (2006) Histoire de la Calligraphie Française. Albin Michel, France.
• Mediavilla, C. (1996) Calligraphy. Scirpus Publications
• Pott, G. (2006) Kalligrafie: Intensiv Training Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz
• Pott, G. (2005) Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz
• Propfe, J. (2005) SchreibKunstRaume: Kalligraphie im Raum Verlag George D.W. Callwey GmbH & Co.K.G. Munich
• Reaves, M., & Schulte, E. (2006) Brush Lettering: An instructional manual in Western brush calligraphy, Revised Edition, Design Books New York.
• Zapf, H. (2007) Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of technical develoments, Cary Graphic Arts Press, Rochester, New York
• Zapf, H. (2006) The world of Alphabets: A kaleidoscope of drawings and letterforms, CD-ROM
• Marns, F.A (2002) Various, copperplate and form, London

External links

Modern Iranian calligraphy

• Iranian calligraphy and galleries at Naghashikhat.ir by Fahime Mohammadi
• Iranian calligraphers and galleries at ModernCalligraphy.com

Chinese (brush) calligraphy

• Chinese calligraphy and galleries at China Online Museum
• List of Chinese calligraphers and galleries at China Online Museum
• Brush Calligraphy Galleries Art of Chinese calligraphy

Western Calligraphy

• Letter Exchange An organization promoting lettering in all media
• Cynscribe World Wide Web Calligraphy Directory
• Society of Scribes, New York City, NY, US
• Society of Scribes and Illuminators, London, England
• International Association of Master Penmen, Engrossers and Teachers of Handwriting, Webster, NY, US
• Kaligrafos - The Dallas Calligraphy Society Promoting the calligraphic arts
• New Zealand Calligraphers A national network of affiliated calligraphy guilds
• The Edward Johnston Foundation - Research centre for calligraphy
• Alcuino - Association for the Recovery of Ancient Calligraphy Association ALCUINO, España

Islamic calligraphy

• My Name in Arabic - Free Arabic calligraphy
• Calligraphy Islamic - Islamic calligraphy
• Gallery of Arabic calligraphy - National Institute for Technology and Liberal Education
• Samples of Islamic calligraphy
• Islamic calligraphy in the Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

Calligraphy of other scripts

• Mongolian: Inkway Calligraphy
• Nepali: Nepali Calligraphy - Calligraphy
• Tibetan: History and reproductions of Tibetan Calligraphy
• Tibetan: Tibetan Calligraphy - How to write the script.
• Punjabi: [1]

Japanese calligraphy

• Shodo Journal research Institute

Muzium khat

• Museum of calligraphy and miniature graphics in Pettenbach (Austria)
• Contemporary Museum of Calligraphy, Moscow
• Manuscript museum at the Library of Alexandria
• Naritasan Calligraphy museum
• The Modern Calligraphy Collection of the National Art Library at the Victoria and Albert Museum
• Ditchling Museum
• Klingspor Museum
• Sakip Sabanci Museum

Persatuan khat sedunia

• Association for the Calligraphic Arts
• National Union of Calligraphers, Russia
• North West Calligraphers’ Association
• The Chinese Calligraphy Association
• The Washington Calligraphers Guild
• Calligraphy Society of Florida
• The International Association of Master Penmen, Engrossers and Teachers of Handwriting IAMPETH
• L’esperluette – fr.
• Centro Internazionale Arti Calligrafiche – it.
• Peannairi (Irish Scribes)
• Associazione Calligrafica Italiana (ACI) - it.
• Meitokai
• Calligraphy & Lettering Arts Society
• C.A.U.S. – Centro Arti Umoristiche e Satiriche

Pertandingan antarabangsa

• C.A.U.S. – Alphabets and Calligraphy