Kawat berduri
Kawad berduri adalah wayar yang dibina dengan wayar duri tajam yang dipasangkan pada jarak sekata sepanjang wayar. Ia digunakan bagi membina pagar murah dan juga dinding mengelilingi harta tanah terkawal. Ia juga merupakan ciri utama pertahanan dalam peperangan kubu parit.
Orang atau haiwan yang cuba melepasi kawat berduri akan merasa tidak selesa atau mungkin juga tercedera. Pagar wayar berduri hanya memerlukan tiang pagar, wayar dan peranti pemasang seperti pengokot. Ia mudah dibina dan cepat didirikan walaupun oleh mereka yang tidak mahir.
Wayar berduri dicipta pada 1865 oleh Louis Jannin sebagai fil de fer barbelé, bahasa Perancis bagi "kawat berduri". Bagaimanapun Joseph F. Glidden dari DeKalb, Illinois mematen versi paling berjaya pada 1874.
Wayar berduri merupakan teknologi wayar pertama yang mampu menahan lembu. Pagar wayar adalah lebih murah dipasang berbanding saingannya dan apabila ia terdapat dengan meluas pada akhir abad ke-19 di Amerika Syarikat ia menjadikan mampu bagi memagar kawasan yang lebih luas berbanding sebelumnya. Ia menjadikan penternakan haiwan secara intensif lebih praktikal pada skala lebih luas.
Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Henry D. and Frances T. McCallum. The Wire that Fenced the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965. LoC: 65-11234.
- Olivier Razac. Barbed Wire: A Political History, W. W. Norton & Company, 2003, ISBN 1-56584-812-8
- Biography of John W. Gates, barbed wire promoter who monopolized the industry with the American Steel and Wire Company, dicapai 29 Mac 2006
Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
Maklumat
- History of the invention of barbed wire Diarkibkan 2010-07-21 di Wayback Machine
- Barbed Wire Photo Gallery: DeKalb photos included, barbed wire examples pgs. 3 thru 24.
- Development and Rise of Barbed Wire at University of Virginia dicapai 29 Mac 2006
- Barbed Wire Fencing - Its Rise and Influence also at UVA, from Agricultural History, Volume 13, October 1939, dicapai 20 September 2006
- Glidden's patent for barbed wire dicapai 29 Mac 2006
- Antique Barbed Wire Society dicapai 21 September 2006
- Barbed Wire in Texas
- Barbed wire changes life on the American Great Plains
- Interesting snippets and references to barbed wire
- A political history of barbed wire
- The historical plaque outside Menger Hotel in San Antonio erected in 2000, dicapai 14 November 2005.
- The History of Barbed Wire About.com
- The Wildlife Friendly Fencing project
Paten – (kira-kira 570 semuanya):
- Patent history Diarkibkan 2008-12-07 di Wayback Machine dicapai 21 September 2006
- U.S. Patent 66,182 – Lucien Smith, Kent, Ohio, Wire fence – "rotary spools with projecting spurs" (June 1867)
- U.S. Patent 67,117 – William Hunt, Scott, New York, Improvement in Fences – "sharpened spur wheels" (July 1867)
- U.S. Patent 74,379 – Michael Kelly, New York City (!), Improvement in Fences – "thorny fence" (1868)
- U.S. Patent 116,755 – Joshua Rappleye, Seneca County, New York, Improvement in Constructing Wire fence – tensioner for fence with palings (pickets) (1871)
- U.S. Patent 138,763 – Henry Rose, DeKalb County, Illinois, Improvement in Wire-fences – "strips provided with metal points" (1873)
- U.S. Patent 147,756 – Isaac Ellwood, DeKalb, Illinois Improvement in Barbed Fences – "single piece of metal with four points, attached to a flat rail" (February, 1874)
- U.S. Patent 157,124 – Joseph Glidden, DeKalb, Illinois, Improvement in Wire-fences – twisted fence wires with short spur coiled around one of the strands (November, 1874) This became the most popular patent.
- U.S. Patent 167,240 – Jacob Haish, DeKalb, Illinois, Improvement in Wire-fence Barbs – "single piece of wire bent into the form of the letter S" so that both strands are clasped (1875)
- U.S. Patent 185,346 – John Nelson, Creston, Illinois, Improvement in Wire-fence Barbs – barb installable on existing fence wire, (1876)