Koksiks

Koksiks atau dalam bahasa Inggeris disebut coccyx (pron.: /ˈkɒksɪks/ KOK-siks; jamak: coccyges), adalah perkataan yang digunakan dalam istilah perubatan bagi bidang muskuloskeleton yang merujuk kepada tulang sulbi. Tulang sulbi atau tulang ekor adalah segmen terakhir kolum vertebra bagi golongan homo misalnya manusia (homosapien). Koksiks merangkumi 3 hingga 5 vertebra berasingan (ruas) atau vertebra coccygeal yang terletak dibawah sakrum. Koksiks disambung dengan sakrum oleh sendi fibrokartilaginos dan sacrococcygeal symphysis, yang membenarkan penggerakan terhad antara sakrum dan koksiks.

Istilah koksiks diambil dari bahasa Inggeris iaitu coccyx, asalnya dari perkataan Yanani κόκκυξ beerti "cuckoo", merujuk kepada bentuk melengkung paruh cuckoo apabila dilihat dari sisi.

Imej tambahan

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  Vertebral column.

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  Vertebral column.

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  Left Levator ani from within.

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  Median sagittal section of male pelvis.

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  Median sagittal section of female pelvis.

Lihat juga

• Coccydynia (coccyx pain, tailbone pain)
• Bone terminology
• Anatomical terms of location
• Ganglion impar
• Human vestigiality

Rujukan

• Foye P, Buttaci C, Stitik T, Yonclas P (2006). "Successful injection for coccyx pain.". Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85 (9): 783–4. doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000233174.86070.63. PMID 16924191. 
• Foye, Patrick M; Buttaci, Charles J (June 3, 2008). "Coccyx Pain". eMedicine. http://www.emedicine.com/pmr/topic242.htm. 
• Kim NH; Suk KS] (1999 Jun). "Clinical and radiological differences between traumatic and idiopathic coccygodynia". Yonsei Medical Journal (40:3). http://www.coccyx.org/medabs/kimsuk.htm. 
• Kunimatsu, Yutaka; Nakatsukasa, Masato et al. (December 2007). "A new Late Miocene great ape from Kenya and its implications for the origins of African great apes and humans". PNAS 104 (49): 19220–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706190104. PMC 2148271. PMID 18024593. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/49/19220.full. Capaian January 2010. 
• Maigne JY, Molinie V, Fautrel B. (1992). "Anatomie des disques coccygiens.". Revue de Médecine Orthopedique 28. 
• Maigne, J-Y; Doursounian, L; Chatellier, G.] (2000). Causes and Mechanisms of Common Coccydynia. Spine. 25. coccyx.org. http://www.coccyx.org/medabs/spine.htm. 
• Miranda EP, Anderson AL, Dosanjh AS, Lee CK (September 2007). "Successful management of recurrent coccygeal hernia with the de-epithelialised rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62 (1): 98–101. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.08.002. PMID 17889632. 
• Nakatsukasa, Masato (2004 May). "Acquisition of bipedalism: the Miocene hominoid record and modern analogues for bipedal protohominids". Journal of Anatomy 204 (204(5)): 385–402. doi:10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00290.x. PMC 1571308. PMID 15198702. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571308/. 
• Morris, Craig E. (2005). Low Back Syndromes: Integrated Clinical Management. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071374728. http://books.google.com/?id=EwKCu-Fti0YC&pg=PA59. 
• Postacchini F, Massobrio M] (Oct 1983). "Idiopathic coccygodynia. Analysis of 51 operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx". The Journal of bone and joint surgery (65(8)). http://www.coccyx.org/medabs/posta.htm. 
• Saladin, Kenneth S. (2003). 3rd. ed. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw-Hill. 
• Saluja PG. (1988). "The incidence of ossification of the sacrococcygeal joint.". Journal of Anatomy 156. 

External links

• Templat:GraySubject
• Templat:SUNYAnatomyLabs – "The Female Perineum: Osteology"
• Coccyx pain: diagnosis, coping and treatment at coccyx.org
• Coccydynia (coccyx pain, tailbone pain) at eMedicine (Peer-reviewed medical chapter, available free online)
• Xray, MRI and other images about tailbone pain, at TailboneDoctor.com