Lawan penggelapan

Fotograf kajian lawan penggelapan yang dijalankan oleh artis Abbott Handerson Thayer, yang menjadi obses kerana idea salah bahawa semua haiwan berlawan penggelapan. Model di kiri biasanya berpenyamaran dan terlihat, sementara satu lagi di kanan berlawan penggelapan dan tidak terlihat.

Kambing gurun dengan berkesan dileperkan oleh lawan penggelapan, menjadikannya hampir halimunan dengan latar belakang gurun. Ada tiga ekor dalam imej ini.

Lawan penggelapan atau Peraturan Thayer ialah satu bentuk penyamaran haiwan daripada rupa badannya yang berwarna gelap di bahagian atas dan warna terang di bahagian bawahnya. Kaedah ini ditemukan pada banyak spesies mamalia, reptilia, burung, ikan, dan serangga.

Lihat juga

• Synodontis nigriventris, ikan duri "terbalik" (dengan lawan penggelapan balik)
• Lawan perubahan, alat heraldik berpenampilan sama

Bibliografi

Bacaan perintis

• Beddard, F. E. (1892). Animal coloration; an account of the principal facts and theories relating to the colours and markings of animals. Swan Sonnenschein.
• Cott, Hugh B. (1940). Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Oxford University Press.
• Thayer, Gerald H. (1909). Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom. An Exposition of the Laws of Disguise Through Color and Pattern: Being a Summary of Abbott H. Thayer's Discoveries. Macmillan.
• Wallace, A.R. (1889). Darwinism. An exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. Macmillan.

Bacaan umum

• Behrens, Roy R (2009). Goldstein, E Bruce (penyunting). Encyclopedia of Perception, Volume 1. Sage. m/s. 233–235.
• Edmunds, Malcolm (2008). "Deimatic Behavior". Dalam Capinera, John L (penyunting). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer.
• Forbes, Peter (2009). Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage. Yale.
• Rowland, Hannah M (2011). "The history, theory and evidence for a cryptic function of countershading". Dalam Stevens, Martin; Merilaita, Sami (penyunting). Animal Camouflage: Mechanisms and Function. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
• Ruxton, Graeme D; Sherratt, Tom N; Speed, Michael P (2004). "3. Countershading and counterillumination". Avoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals and Mimicry. Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Jurnal

• Allen, William L; Baddeley, Roland; Cuthill, Innes C; Scott-Samuel, Nicholas E (2012). "A Quantitative Test of the Predicted Relationship between Countershading and Lighting Environment". The American Naturalist. 180 (6): 762–776. doi:10.1086/668011. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Anon (1943). "Principles of Camouflage". Tactical and Technical Trends. 37.
• Behrens, Roy (27 Februari 2009). "Revisiting Abbott Thayer: non-scientific reflections about camouflage in art, war and zoology". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B - Biology. Royal Society Publishing. 364 (1516): 497–501. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0250. PMC 2674083. PMID 19000975. Dicapai pada 2009-05-05.
• Craik, KJ (1944). "White plumage of sea-birds". Nature. 153: 288. doi:10.1038/153288.
• Edmunds, M; Dewhirst, RA (1994). "The survival value of countershading with wild birds as predators". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 51 (4): 447–452.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Elias, Ann (2011). "Camouflage Australia: Art, Nature, Science and War". Sydney University Press. m/s. 47–53.
• Hershberger, W (1970). "Attached-shadow orientation perceived as depth by chickens reared in an environment illuminated from below". J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 73: 407–411.
• Jones, BW; Nishiguchi, MK (2004). "Counterillumination in the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes Berry (Mollusca : Cephalopoda)" (PDF). Marine Biology. 144 (6): 1151–1155. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1285-3.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kiltie, RA (1944). "Testing Thayer's countershading hypothesis - an image-processing approach". Animal Behaviour. 38: 542–544. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(89)800.
• ONR (2013). "Ocean Life: Mammals -Adaptation". Office of Naval Research. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2013-04-14. Dicapai pada 11 Januari 2013.
• Poulton, Edward B. (1887). "Notes in 1886 upon Lepidopterous Larvae, etc". Transactions of the Entomological Society of London: 294.
• Poulton, Edward B (1888). "Notes in 1887 upon Lepidopterous Larvae, etc". Transactions of the Entomological Society of London: 595–596.
• Rowland, Hannah M. (2009). "Abbott Thayer to the present day: what have we learned about the function of countershading?" (PDF). Phil Trans Royal Society B. 364: 519–527. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0261.
• Ruxton, Graeme D; Speed, Michael P; Kelly, David J (2004). "What, if anything, is the adaptive function of countershading?" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 68: 445–451. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.12.009.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Speed, MP; Kelly, David J; Davidson, AM; G.D. Ruxton (2005). "Countershading enhances crypsis with some bird species but not others". Behavioral Ecology. 16 (2): 327–334.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Tankus, Ariel; Yeshurun, Yehezkel. "Convexity-based Camouflage Breaking" (PDF). Tel Aviv University. m/s. 1–4. Dicapai pada 19 Januari 2013.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Tooley, Kurt (15 Disember 2005). "Advanced camouflage system and method, Patent application 11/159,911, Publication US 2005/0276955 A1". US Patent Office. m/s. 1–4. Dicapai pada 19 Januari 2013.
• Young, RE; Roper, CFE (1976). "Bioluminescent countershading in midwater animals: Evidence from living squid". Science. 191 (4231): 1046–1048. doi:10.1126/science.1251214. PMID 1251214.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Young, RE; Roper, CFE (1977). "Intensity regulation of bioluminesence during countershading in living midwater animals". Fishery Bulletin. 75 (2): 239–252.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)