Persekutuan Poland-Lithuania

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Kerajaan Beraja Poland dan Grand Duchy dari Lithuania
Negera kesatuan
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Bendera Sigismund III Vasa Jata
Moto
Latin: Si Deus Nobiscum quis contra nos (If God is with us, then who is against us)
Pro Fide, Lege et Rege
(Latin: Untuk Kepercayaan, Undang-undang dan Raja, sejak kurun ke-18)
Kedudukan Komanwel Poland–Lithuania
Ibu negara Komanwel dan Kerajaan Beraja Poland: Kraków, Warsaw ca. 1600; Grand Duchy dari Lithuania: Vilnius[b]
Bahasa
Agama
Kerajaan Hereditary monarchy (1569–1573),
elective monarchy (1573–1791),
hereditary, constitutional monarchy (1791–1792),
elective monarchy (1792-1795)
Raja Poland Senarai
Duke Besar dari Lithuania Senarai
Perundangan Sejm
Sejarah
 - Kesatuan diasaskan 1 Julai 1569
 - Protectorate kepada Empayar Rusia 1768
 - Pembahagian Pertama 5 Ogos, 1772
 - Perlembagaan 3 Mei 3 Mei, 1791
 - Pembahagian ke-2 23 Januari, 1793
 - Pembahagian ke-3 24 Oktober 1795
Keluasan
 - 1582 815,000 km2 (314,673 bt persegi)
 - 1618 1,153,465 km2 (445,355 bt persegi)
Kependudukan
 - 1582 est. 6,500,000 
     Kepadatan 8 /km2  (20.7 /bt persegi)
 - 1618 (anggaran) 10,500,000 
     Kepadatan 9.1 /km2  (23.6 /bt persegi)
Kini sebahagian daripada  Belarus
 Estonia
 Latvia
 Lithuania
 Moldova
 Poland
 Russia
 Slovakia
 Ukraine

Komanwel Poland–Lithuania (atau Kesatuan) adalah sebuah kesatuan dua buah negara iaitu Poland dan Lithuania yang diperintah oleh raja yang sama. Ia merupakan sebuah kesatuan terbesar dan paling popular pada kurun ke-16 dan ke-17 di Eropah dengan keluasan 400,000 batu persegi (1,000,000 km2) dan mempunyai penduduk pelbagai etnik. Kesatuan ini mempunyai jumplah penduduk seramai 11 juta pada waktu kemuncaknya pada awal kurun ke-17. Kesatuan ini diasaskan di Kesatuan Lublin pada bulan Julai 1569, dan dimusnahkan oleh Pembahagian Ketiga Poland pada tahun 1795.[1][2][3][4]

Nota [sunting]

a. ^ Nama di dalam bahasa asli dan rasmi:

  • Latin: Regnum Poloniae Magnusque Ducatus Lithuaniae / Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae[5] Magnique Ducatus Lithuaniae
  • Bahasa Perancis: Royaume de Pologne et Grand-duché de Lituanie / Sérénissime République de Pologne et Grand-duché de Lituanie[6]
  • Bahasa Poland: Królestwo Polskie i Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie
  • Bahasa Lithuania: Lenkijos Karalystė ir Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė
  • Templat:Lang-be (Karaleўstva Pol'skae і Vjalіkae Knjastva Lіtoўskae)
  • Bahasa Ukraine: Королівство Польське і Велике князівство Литовське
  • Bahasa Jerman: Königreich Polen und Großfürstentum Litauen

b. ^ Historians date the change of the Polish capital from Krakow to Warsaw between 1595 and 1611, although Warsaw was not officially designated capital until 1793.[7] The Commonwealth Sejm began meeting in Warsaw soon after the Union of Lublin and its rulers generally maintained their courts there, although coronations continued to take place in Krakow.[7] The modern concept of a single capital city was to some extent inapplicable in the feudal and decentralized Commonwealth.[7] Warsaw is described by some historians as the capital of the entire Commonwealth.[8][9] Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy,[10][11][12] is sometimes called the second capital of the entity.[13][14]

Rujukan [sunting]

  1. ↑ "Poland." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 20 Feb. 2009
  2. ↑ Heritage: Interactive Atlas: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. For population comparisons, see also those maps: [1], [2]
  3. ↑ Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Pimlico 1997, p. 554: Poland-Lithuania was another country which experienced its 'Golden Age' during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The realm of the last Jagiellons was absolutely the largest state in Europe
  4. ↑ Yale Richmond, From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans, Intercultural Press, 1995, p. 51
  5. ↑ (Perancis) Antoine-François-Claude Ferrand (1820). "Volume 1". Histoire des trois démembremens de la Pologne: pour faire suite à l'histoire de l'Anarchie de Pologne par Rulhière. Deterville. m/s. 182. http://books.google.pl/books?id=j1kPAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  6. ↑ (Perancis) Guillaume de Lamberty (1735). "Volume 3". Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire du XVIIIe siècle, contenant les négociations, traitez, résolutions et autres documents authentiques concernant les affaires d'état: avec le supplément aux années MDCXCVI-MDCCIII. m/s. 343. http://books.google.pl/books?id=2Vw_AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Francis W. Carter (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland: an economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795 – Volume 20 of Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 186, 187. ISBN 9780521412391. http://books.google.com/books?id=-XdByzq85zMC&pg=PA187&dq=warsaw+capital+1611&cd=2#v=onepage&q=warsaw%20capital%201611&f=false. 
  8. ↑ Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386–1795. University of Washington Press. m/s. 221. ISBN 9780295980935. http://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA221&dq=warsaw+real+capital+commonwealth&lr=&cd=1#v=onepage&q=warsaw%20real%20capital%20commonwealth&f=false. 
  9. ↑ Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries (1998). A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change. Routledge. m/s. 126. ISBN 9780415161114. http://books.google.com/books?id=6Eh9KQTrOckC&pg=PA126&dq=warsaw+became+capital+new+union&lr=&cd=1#v=onepage&q=warsaw%20became%20capital%20new%20union&f=false. 
  10. ↑ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan davies tidak disediakan
  11. ↑ Politics and reformations: communities, polities, nations, and empires.2007 p.206
  12. ↑ Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung.2006, Vol.55; p.2
  13. ↑ Thomas A. Brady, Christopher Ocker; entry by David Frick (2007). Politics and reformations: communities, polities, nations, and empires : essays in honor of Thomas A. Brady, Jr. Brill Publishers. m/s. 206. ISBN 9789004161733. http://books.google.com/books?id=_bU1jKS2ETkC&pg=PT232&dq=vilnius+second+capital+commonwelath&lr=&cd=27#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
  14. ↑ Marcel Cornis-Pope, John Neubauer; essay by Tomas Venclova (2004). History of the literary cultures of East-Central Europe: junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries (Volume 2). John Benjamins Publishing Company. m/s. 11. ISBN 9789027234537. http://books.google.com/books?id=5pAwqsSyTlsC&pg=PA11&dq=vilnius+capital+commonwealth+venclova&lr=&cd=1#v=onepage&q=vilnius%20capital%20commonwealth%20venclova&f=false. 

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