Bantuan:IPA/Poland

Laman ini merupakan sebuah laman maklumat yang menerangkan sepersetujuan komuniti para penyunting di sini bagi beberapa aspek tertentu tentang pengendalian Wikipedia. Laman ini BUKAN laman polisi atau garis panduan dan bertujuan untuk menerangkan amalan atau polisi lain Wikipedia. Sila rujuk polisi atau garis panduan yang berkaitan jika terdapat percanggahan antara laman ini dengan laman polisi atau garis panduan.

Jalan pintas

Carta di bawah memaparkan cara bagaimana Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa menjelaskan sebutan bahasa Poland dalam rencana Wikipedia.

All voiced obstruents /b, d, ɡ, v, z, ʐ, ʑ, dʐ, dʑ/ are devoiced (so /d/ becomes [t], etc.) at the ends of words and in clusters ending in any unvoiced obstruents /p, t, k, f, s, x, ʂ, ɕ, tʂ, tɕ/. Voiceless obstruents are voiced (/x/ becoming [ɣ], etc.) in clusters ending in any voiced obstruent except /v, ʐ/, which are then themselves devoiced.

See Polish phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Polish.

Consonants
IPA	Polish	Example	English approximation
b	b	bardzo	bike
ɕ	ś, s(i)^[1]	Jaś	she
d	d	dawno	door
dz^[2]	dz	dzban	beds
dʑ^[2]	dź, dz(i)^[1]	dziadek	jeep^[3]
dʐ ^[2]	dż	Dżakarta	jug^[3]
f	f	foka	feist
ɡ	g	grać	girl
ɡʲ	g(i)^[1]	Gienek	argue
ɣ	ch, h	niechby	roughly like go but without completely blocking air flow on the g
j	j, i^[1]	jak	yes
j̃^[4]	ń	koń	voice
k	k	krowa	scam
kʲ	k(i)^[1]	kierowca	skew
l	l	lampa	lion
m	m^[5]	morze	mile
n	n^[5]	nad	Nile
ɲ	ń, n(i)^[5]^[1]	nie	canyon
ŋ^[6]	n^[5]	bank	bank
p	p	policja	spike
r	r	różowy	rolled r like Italian Roma
s	s	smak	sign
ʂ	sz	szybko	shore^[3]
t	t	tak	stow
tɕ^[2]	ć, c(i)^[1]	cierpki	cheer^[3]
ts^[2]	c	całkiem	cats
tʂ^[2]	cz	czy	child^[3]
v	w	wartość	vile
w^[7]	ł	ładny	way
x	ch, h	chleb	(Scottish) loch
xʲ	ch(i), h(i)^[1]	hiacynt	huge
z	z	zebra	zebra
ʑ	ź, z(i)^[1]	ziarno	vision, azure^[3]
ʐ	ż, rz	rzadko	vision, azure^[3]

Vowels
IPA	Polish	Example	English approximation
a	a	tam	father
ɛ	e	krem	bet
ɛ̃	ę^[5]	kęs	French vin
i	i^[1]	piwo	eat
ɨ	y	my	roses
ɔ	o	rok	off
ɔ̃	ą^[5]	wąs	French son
u	u, ó	duży	boot

Other symbols used for Polish
IPA	Explanation
ˈ	Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable), usually the penultimate syllable of a word.
ˌ	Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable).
.	Syllable break.

Lihat juga

Nota

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j The letter ⟨i⟩, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a ⟨j⟩ or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt ⟨pjes⟩). It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩) so się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt ⟨śę⟩, ⟨ćos⟩, ⟨ńańa⟩. A following ⟨i⟩ also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if they were spelled ⟨źima⟩, ⟨ći⟩, ⟨dźiśaj⟩.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The affricates /ts, dz, tɕ, dʑ, tʂ, dʐ/) may be written more precisely with ligature ties: /t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/, but they are omitted in transcriptions as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative clusters: for example, czysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] (bantuan·info) "clean" versus trzysta [ˈtʂɨsta] (bantuan·info) "three hundred".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an ⟨ee⟩ sound to them.
^ Allophone of /ɲ/ in coda position or before fricatives.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The letters ⟨ą⟩ and ⟨ę⟩ represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/ except when they are followed by a stop or affricate, when they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate: kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ] (as if spelled *kont, *gemba, *renka, *piszoncy, *pieńondze, *pieńć, *jenczy).
^ Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.
^ The traditional pronunciation [ɫ] is still found in a minority of speakers.

Bacaan lanjutan

Sadowska, Iwona (2012). Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Oxford; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47541-9.

Pautan luar

Polish Pronunciation Audio and Grammar Charts

[soften-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j The letter ⟨i⟩, when it is followed by a vowel, represents a pronunciation like a ⟨j⟩ or a "soft" pronunciation of the preceding consonant (so pies is pronounced as if it were spelt ⟨pjes⟩). It has the same effect as an acute accent on alveolar consonants (⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨dz⟩, ⟨n⟩) so się, cios and niania are pronounced as if they were spelt ⟨śę⟩, ⟨ćos⟩, ⟨ńańa⟩. A following ⟨i⟩ also softens consonants when it is itself pronounced as a vowel: zima, ci and dzisiaj are pronounced as if they were spelled ⟨źima⟩, ⟨ći⟩, ⟨dźiśaj⟩.

[affricate-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The affricates /ts, dz, tɕ, dʑ, tʂ, dʐ/) may be written more precisely with ligature ties: /t͡s, d͡z, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/, but they are omitted in transcriptions as they do not display correctly in all browsers. Nonetheless, Polish contrasts affricates with stop–fricative clusters: for example, czysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] (bantuan·info) "clean" versus trzysta [ˈtʂɨsta] (bantuan·info) "three hundred".

[postalveolar-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Polish makes contrasts between retroflex and alveolo-palatal consonants, both of which sound like the English postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/. The retroflex sounds are pronounced "hard", with the tip of the tongue approaching the alveolar ridge and the blade of the tongue somewhat lowered, and the alveolo-palatal sounds are "soft", realized with the middle of the tongue raised, adding a bit of an ⟨ee⟩ sound to them.

[4] Allophone of /ɲ/ in coda position or before fricatives.

[nasalvowel-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The letters ⟨ą⟩ and ⟨ę⟩ represent the nasal vowels /ɔ̃, ɛ̃/ except when they are followed by a stop or affricate, when they represent oral vowels /ɔ, ɛ/ followed by a nasal consonant homorganic with the following stop or affricate: kąt [ˈkɔnt], gęba [ˈɡɛmba], ręka [ˈrɛŋka], piszący [piˈʂɔnt͡sɨ], pieniądze [pjɛˈɲɔnd͡zɛ], pięć [ˈpjɛɲt͡ɕ], jęczy [ˈjɛnt͡ʂɨ] (as if spelled *kont, *gemba, *renka, *piszoncy, *pieńondze, *pieńć, *jenczy).

[6] Allophone of /n/ before a velar /ɡ, k, x/.

[7] The traditional pronunciation [ɫ] is still found in a minority of speakers.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

l b s Kekunci Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa
Afrikaans Albania Amara Arab lahjat Mesir lahjat Hijaz lahjat Tunisia Aram Armenia Assam Asturia Bahasa-bahasa Australia Azerbaijan Basque Belanda Belarusia Benggali Berber Breton Bulgaria Burma Kantonis Katalan Corsica Ceka Denmark Dari Dothraki Inggeris Dialek Inggeris Kuno Esperanto Estonia Extremaduran Fiji Finnish Franco-Provençal Frisian Saterland Barat Gaelik Scotland Galicia Gagauz Georgia Guarani Gujarati Kreol Haiti Hawaii Hindi-Urdu Hungari Ibrani Iceland Inuktitut Ireland Itali Jepun Jerman Baku Alemannik Kannada Kashmiri Kazakh Kicua Khmer Klingon Korea Kouri-Vini Kurdi Lao Latin Latvia Laz Lithuania Luxembourgish Macedonia Malagasy Melayu (termasuk baku Malaysia dan baku Indonesia) Malayalam Malta Manchu Mandarin Manx Māori Marshall Maya Mingrelia Mongolia Mirandese Nawatl Navajo Napoli Thai Utara Norway Occitan Odia Oromo Ossetik Parsi Perancis Poland Portugis Punjabi Ripuarian Colognia Romania Romansh Rusia Sanskrit Klasikal Sardinia Sepanyol Sepanyol Yahudi Serbo-Croatia Shan Slovak Slovene Svan Swahili Swazi Sweden Tagalog Tai Lü Hokkien Taiwan Tajik Tamil Thai Tibet Tigrinya Turki Turkmen Ukraine Venetia Vietnam Walloon Wandamen Wales Xhosa Yunani Yiddish Zulu
Perbandingan	dengan konvensyen AFA Inggeris yang lain dengan kekunci sebutan ejaan semula Wikipedia dengan kekunci sebutan semula Inggeris yang lain
Panduan pengenalan	Simbol Untuk penutur Inggeris Gaya Panduan: Sebutan