Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Sepanyol

Laman ini merupakan kekunci sebutan transkripsi AFA untuk bahasa IPA untuk bahasa Sepanyol di Wikipedia.

Ia mewakili satu set simbol yang mewakili sebutan bahasa IPA untuk bahasa Sepanyol di rencana-rencana Wikipedia, dan contoh-contoh kata yang menggambarkan suara tersebut berpadanan dengan bunyi vokal tersebut. Integriti antara kekunci dan transkripsi yang berpaut di sini perlu dikekalkan; jangan mengubah sebarang simbol atau nilai tanpa mencapai kesepakatan pada laman perbincangan terlebih dahulu.

Untuk panduan pengenalan simbol-simbol AFA, sila lihat Bantuan:AFA. Untuk membezakan antara simbol [ ], / / dan ⟨ ⟩, sila lihat IPA § Tanda-tanda kurung dan pembatas-pembatas transkripsi.

Jalan pintas

H:IPA-ES

Carta-carta di bawah menunjukkan jalan di mana Alphabet Fonetik Antarabangsa (IPA) mewakili sebutan bahasa Sepanyol dalam artikel Wikipedia. Untuk panduan untuk menambah aksara IPA kepada artikel Wikipedia, sila lihat {{IPA-es}}, {{ IPAc-es}} dan pautan Templat:Pautan bahagian.

Secara umum, Castilian Spanish digunakan dalam transkripsi IPA kecuali untuk beberapa perkataan dengan /θ/ dan /ʎ/:

Untuk istilah yang lebih berkaitan dengan wilayah yang telah menjalani yeísmo (di mana kata-kata seperti haya dan halla diucapkan sama), kata-kata dieja dengan Templat:Sudut pendakap boleh disalin dengan [ʝ].
Untuk istilah-istilah yang lebih relevan dengan wilayah dengan seseo (di mana kata-kata seperti caza dan casa diucapkan sama) Templat:Sudut pendakap atau Templat:Sudut pendakapc (yang terakhir hanya sebelum Templat:Sudut pendakap atau Templat:Sudut pendakap) boleh disalin dengan [s].

Dalam semua kes lain, jika sebutan tempatan dibuat, ia harus dilabelkan sebagai "setempat" (contohnya, {{IPA-es|...|setempat}}.

Lihat fonologi bahasa Sepanyol untuk perbincangan yang lebih teliti mengenai bunyi bahasa Sepanyol, dan dialek dan variasi bahasa Sepanyol untuk variasi serantau.

Konsonan
IPA	Contoh	Penghampiran bahasa Inggeris
b^[1]	bestia, embuste, vaca, envidia, fútbol	batu
β	bebé, obtuso, vivir, curva	batu, tetapi tanpa bibir ditutup sepenuhnya
d^[1]	dedo, cuando, aldaba	today
ð	dádiva, arder, admirar	Tidak dijumpai dalam bahasa Melayu; sesuatu seperti 'thalasa' dalam bahasa Arab
f	fase	face
ɡ^[1]	gato, lengua, guerra	again
ɣ	trigo, amargo, sigue, signo	again, but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth
ʝ^[1]^[2]	ayuno	you
ɟʝ^[1]^[2]	cónyuge, yermo	Tidak dijumpai dalam bahasa Melayu; sesuatu seperti yang atau hantu
k	caña, quise, kilo	scan
l	lino	lean
ʎ^[1]^[2]	llave, pollo	million
m^[3]	madre, campo	mother
ɱ^[3]	anfibio	comfort
n^[3]	nido, sin, álbum	need
ɲ^[3]	ñandú, cónyuge	canyon
ŋ^[3]	cinco, venga	sing
p	pozo	spouse
r^[4]	rumbo, carro, honra, subrayar	trilled r
ɾ^[4]	caro, bravo, partir	autumn (with flapping)
s^[5]^[6]	saco, espita, xenón	sack
θ^[5]	cereal, encima, zorro	thing
t	tamiz	stand
tʃ	chubasco	choose
v^[7]	afgano	van
x^[8]	jamón, general, México,^[9] hámster^[10]	Scottish loch
z^[7]	isla, mismo	zoo
Marginal phonemes
IPA	Examples	English approximation
ʃ^[11]	show, Rocher, Freixenet	shack
ts	abertzale	cats

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
a	azahar	father
e	vehemente	set
i	dimitir, mío, y	see
o	boscoso	more
u	cucurucho, dúo	food

Semivowels^[12]
IPA	Examples	English approximation
j	aliada	yet
w^[13]	cuadro, Huila	wine

Stress and syllabification
IPA	Examples	English approximation
ˈ	ciudad [θjuˈðað]	domain
.	mío [ˈmi.o]	Leo

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places except after a pause, /n/, or /m/, or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after /l/. In the latter environments, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions Templat:Harvcol.
^ ^a ^b ^c Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nasals always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before velar consonants they are [ŋ], and before labial consonants they are [m]; the labiodental [ɱ] appears before /f/.
^ ^a ^b The rhotic consonants [r] and [ɾ] contrast only word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨r⟩, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here); elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary, they result in one long trill, which may be transcribed as [ɾr]: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] Templat:Harvcol.
^ ^a ^b Northern and Central Spain distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (/s/) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (/θ/). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as /s/. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo is not a phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as /θ/, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
^ In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as [h] or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by [s].
^ ^a ^b [v] and [z] are allophones of /f/ and /s/, respectively, found before voiced consonants.
^ /x/ is pronounced as [h] in many accents such as those in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Canary Islands, and Andalusia Templat:Harvcol.
^ The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).
^ The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.
^ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
^ The semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuatro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with [i] and [u].
^ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].

References[sunting | sunting sumber]

Hualde, José Ignacio (2005), The Sounds of Spanish, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54538-2
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/s0025100303001373

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Spanish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Spanish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription

[Approximant-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places except after a pause, /n/, or /m/, or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after /l/. In the latter environments, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions Templat:Harvcol.

[yeismo-2] Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.

[nasal-3] Nasals always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before velar consonants they are [ŋ], and before labial consonants they are [m]; the labiodental [ɱ] appears before /f/.

[rhotic-4] The rhotic consonants [r] and [ɾ] contrast only word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨r⟩, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here); elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary, they result in one long trill, which may be transcribed as [ɾr]: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] Templat:Harvcol.

[seseo-5] Northern and Central Spain distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (/s/) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (/θ/). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as /s/. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo is not a phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as /θ/, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.

[6] In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as [h] or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by [s].

[vz-7] [v] and [z] are allophones of /f/ and /s/, respectively, found before voiced consonants.

[8] /x/ is pronounced as [h] in many accents such as those in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Canary Islands, and Andalusia Templat:Harvcol.

[9] The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).

[10] The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.

[11] /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].

[Semivowel-12] The semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuatro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with [i] and [u].

[13] Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

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Perbandingan	dengan konvensyen AFA Inggeris yang lain dengan kekunci sebutan ejaan semula Wikipedia dengan kekunci sebutan semula Inggeris yang lain
Panduan pengenalan	Simbol Untuk penutur Inggeris Gaya Panduan: Sebutan