Cuora mouhotii

Cuora mouhotii
	C. m. mouhotii
Status pemuliharaan
	; Terancam (IUCN 2.3)
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superkeluarga:	Testudinoidea
Keluarga:	Geoemydidae
Genus:	Cuora
Spesies:	C. mouhotii
Nama binomial
	Cuora mouhotii; Gray, 1862
Sinonim
	C. m. mouhotii Cyclemys mouhotii Gray, 1862; Pyxidea mouhotii — Gray, 1863; Emys mouhotii — Strauch, 1865; Cyclemys mouhoti ; Boulenger, 1890 (ex errore); Pyxidea mouhoti ; — M.A. Smith, 1931; Emys mouhoti — Bourret, 1941; Pyxidea mouboti ; H.M. Smith & James, 1958 ; (ex errore); Geoemyda mouhoti ; — McDowell, 1964; Cyclemys mouheti ; Tikader & Sharma, 1985 (ex errore); Geoemyda mouhotii ; — Artner, 1995; Pyxidea mouhotii mouhotii ; — Fritz, Andreas & Lehr, 1998; Pyxidea mouhotti ; Hallermann, Dirksen & Uetz, 1999 ; (ex errore); Cuora mouhotii mouhotii ; — Artner, 2003; C. m. obsti Pyxidea mouhotii obsti ; Fritz, Andreas & Lehr, 1998; Pyxidea mouhotti obsti ; — Hallermann, Dirksen & Uetz, 1999; Cuora mouhotii obsti ; — Artner, 2003;

Cuora mouhotii (sinonim Pyxidea mouhotii ) ialah spesies kura-kura dari keluarga Geoemydidae.

Taburan habitat[sunting | sunting sumber]

C. mouhotii berasal dari Asia, merangkumi negara-negara seperti China, India, Laos, Burma, Vietnam,^[2] Thailand, dan Bhutan.^[3]

Nama lain[sunting | sunting sumber]

Antara nama tempatan lain kura-kura C. mouhotii ialah Kura-kura Katup Berjungkir^[2] dan Kura-kura Mouhot.^[4]

Etimologi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Nama spesies, mouhotii, diambil sempena nama Alexandre Henri Mouhot, seorang naturalis dan pengembara.^[4]

Taksonomi[sunting | sunting sumber]

C. mouhotii kadangkala dianggap spesies monotipikal Pyxidea.^[2]^[5]^[6] Analisis filogenetik menggunakan DNA mitokondria membuktikan bahawa spesies ini ialah sebahagian daripada kumpulan "Cuora", iaitu kumpulan monofiletik Kura-kura katup Asia, dan nama Pyxidea disinonimkan dengan genus Cuora, lantas menjadikan haiwan ini sebahagian daripada genus tersebut.^[7] Kajian filogenetik Cuora lain menyokong kenyataan ini.^[8] Selain itu, morfologi fizikalnya tidak berbeza dengan spesies Cuora yang lain. Ia juga boleh dikacukkan dengan kura-kura spesies Cuora galbinifrons.^[8]

Terdapat dua subspesies, iaitu C. m. mouhotii dan C. m. obsti.^[2]^[3]^[9]

Populasi Cuora mouhotii di Vietnam selatan hidup bersama dengan spesies Cuora picturata. Cuora mouhotii diketahui boleh dikacukkan dengan Cuora picturata (Cuora galbinifrons dan Cuora bourreti) di mana terdapat kemungkinan proses kacukan berlaku antara dua spesies ini.^[10]

Ciri-ciri[sunting | sunting sumber]

Cangkerang belakang (karapas) kura-kura ini mempunyai tiga jungkir atau lunas yang ketara. Bahagian dada (plastron) pula memiliki warna coklat cerah hinggalah coklat gelap. Rahang atasnya sangat kuat, manakala hidungnya pula pendek dan melengkung. Hanya sebahagian kakinya sahaja yang mempunyai selaput renang, menjadikan haiwan ini cenderung bersifat kedaratan berbanding akuatik.

Kura-kura jantan dan betina dibezakan melalui warna mata dan panjang kuku kaki mereka. Kura-kura jantan biasanya memiliki kuku yang tebal dan panjang berbanding betina, dan mata berwarna hitam atau coklat. Kura-kura betina pula memiliki kuku yang halus, berekor pendek, dan mata berwarna jingga atau merah.^[11]

Biologi[sunting | sunting sumber]

SIfat biologi C. mouhotii masih tidak diketahui.^[12]

Dalam satu kaji selidik, kura-kura jantan dan betina bersaiz sekitar 15 ke 17cm.

Musim mengawan berlaku sepanjang bulan Mei hingga September. Sekitar empat biji telur, yang licin, putih, bersaiz 4.4 cm (1.7 in) dihasilkan. Kura-kura betina boleh menghasilkan dua kali telur pada satu-satu musim dan ereka membiarkan telur selepas ditanam.^[12]

Kura-kura jantan sangat agresf ketika mengawan. Kadangkala mereka memaksa dan mencederakan kura-kura betina.

Diet[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kura-kura ini bersifat maun, makanannya terdiri daripada tumbuh-tumbuhan dan buah-buahan. Kadangkala mereka menjadikan cacing, ulat dan serangga sebagai makanan.^[12]

Habitat[sunting | sunting sumber]

Haiwan ini bersifat kedaratan, dan boleh dijumpai di celah-celah batu dan rekahan-rekahan lubang. Kebanyakannya mendiami kawasan hutan, reranting kayu dan timbunan dedaun.

Status pemuliharaan[sunting | sunting sumber]

C. mouhotii disenaraikan sebagai haiwan terancam oleh IUCN.^[2]

Populasi haiwan ini semakin kurang, terutamanya di Vietnam akibat diburu dan dieksport ke negara lain. Tambahan pula, aktiviti manusia seperti pemusnahan hutan juga menyumbang kepada penyusutan populasi mereka.

Mereka juga diburu untuk dijadikan menu makanan^[13] serta perubatan tradisional.^[14] Sama memenuhi pasaran tempatan dan antarabangsa.^[13]

Di China, spesies ini dibela bagi memenuhi permintaan pasaran haiwan eksotik.^[13]

Galeri[sunting | sunting sumber]

Plastron C. m. mouhotii.
plastron C. m. obsti.
Male C. m. obsti.

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Fritz U, Havaš P (2007). Checklist of chelonians of the world. Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2) 149-368.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Asian Turtle Trade Working Group. 2000. Cuora mouhotii. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Downloaded on 20 October 2013.
^ ^a ^b Cuora mouhotii. The Reptile Database.
^ ^a ^b Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Cuora mouhotii, p. 183).
^ Pyxidea mouhotii. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
^ Zhang, L., et al. (2008). The complete mitochondrial genome of the keeled box turtle Pyxidea mouhotii and phylogenetic analysis of major turtle groups. Journal of Genetics and Genomics 35(1), 33-40.
^ Honda, M., et al. (2002). Phylogenetic relationships of the Asian box turtles of the genus Cuora sensu lato (Reptilia: Bataguridae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Zoological Science 19, 1305-12.
^ ^a ^b Stuart, B. L. and J. F. Parham. (2004). Molecular phylogeny of the critically endangered Indochinese box turtle (Cuora galbinifrons). Diarkibkan 2018-03-04 di Wayback Machine Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31(1), 164-77.
^ Fritz, U., et al. (1998). Eine neue Unterart der Dreikiel-Scharnierschildkröte, Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray, 1862). Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden 50, 33-43
^ Ly, Tri, Huy Duc Hoang, and Bryan L. Stewart. "Occurrence of the endangered keeled box turtle, Cuora mouhotii, in Southern Vietnam." bioone.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2744/CCB-0964.1>.
^ "Keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii)." Keeled box turtle videos, photos and facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2013. <http://www.arkive.org/keeled-box-turtle/cuora-mouhotii/ Diarkibkan 2013-10-29 di Wayback Machine>."
^ ^a ^b ^c Ji-Chao, W., et al. (2011). Reproduction and nesting of the endangered keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii) on Hainan Island, China. Diarkibkan 2013-10-22 di Wayback Machine Chelonian Conservation and Biology 10(2), 159-64.
^ ^a ^b ^c Inclusion of Pyxidea mouhotii in Appendix II in accordance with Article II 2(a) of the Convention, and satisfying Resolution Conf. 9.24, Annex 2a, Criteria A and Bi). Diarkibkan 2013-09-09 di Wayback Machine Proposal 28. CITES. Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. Santiago, Chile, 3–15 November 2002.
^ da Nóbrega Alves, R. R., et al. (2008). Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(8), 2037-49.

Bacaan lanjut[sunting | sunting sumber]

Bernhardt, K. (1995). Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray 1862). J. AG Schildkr. Panzerechsen 95(2), 7-18.
Gray, J. E. (1862). Notice of a new species of Cyclemys from the Lao Mountains, in Siam. Journal of Natural History 10(3), 157.
Gray, J. E. (1863). Observations on the box tortoises, with the description of three new Asiatic species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 173-79.
Parham, J. F., et al. (2001). New Chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA, allozyme electrophoresis and known-locality specimens. Animal Conservation 4(4), 357-67.

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Photo gallery: Pyxidea. World Chelonian Trust.

[1] Fritz U, Havaš P (2007). Checklist of chelonians of the world. Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2) 149-368.

[iucn-2] Asian Turtle Trade Working Group. 2000. Cuora mouhotii. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Downloaded on 20 October 2013.

[rd-3] Cuora mouhotii. The Reptile Database.

[EDR-4] Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Cuora mouhotii, p. 183).

[5] Pyxidea mouhotii. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

[6] Zhang, L., et al. (2008). The complete mitochondrial genome of the keeled box turtle Pyxidea mouhotii and phylogenetic analysis of major turtle groups. Journal of Genetics and Genomics 35(1), 33-40.

[7] Honda, M., et al. (2002). Phylogenetic relationships of the Asian box turtles of the genus Cuora sensu lato (Reptilia: Bataguridae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Zoological Science 19, 1305-12.

[stu-8] Stuart, B. L. and J. F. Parham. (2004). Molecular phylogeny of the critically endangered Indochinese box turtle (Cuora galbinifrons). Diarkibkan 2018-03-04 di Wayback Machine Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31(1), 164-77.

[9] Fritz, U., et al. (1998). Eine neue Unterart der Dreikiel-Scharnierschildkröte, Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray, 1862). Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden 50, 33-43

[10] Ly, Tri, Huy Duc Hoang, and Bryan L. Stewart. "Occurrence of the endangered keeled box turtle, Cuora mouhotii, in Southern Vietnam." bioone.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. <http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2744/CCB-0964.1>.

[11] "Keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii)." Keeled box turtle videos, photos and facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2013. <http://www.arkive.org/keeled-box-turtle/cuora-mouhotii/ Diarkibkan 2013-10-29 di Wayback Machine>."

[ji-12] Ji-Chao, W., et al. (2011). Reproduction and nesting of the endangered keeled box turtle (Cuora mouhotii) on Hainan Island, China. Diarkibkan 2013-10-22 di Wayback Machine Chelonian Conservation and Biology 10(2), 159-64.

[cites-13] Inclusion of Pyxidea mouhotii in Appendix II in accordance with Article II 2(a) of the Convention, and satisfying Resolution Conf. 9.24, Annex 2a, Criteria A and Bi). Diarkibkan 2013-09-09 di Wayback Machine Proposal 28. CITES. Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. Santiago, Chile, 3–15 November 2002.

[14] Nóbrega Alves, R. R., et al. (2008). Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(8), 2037-49.

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