Fail:Claudette-Colbert-1920.jpg

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Claudette-Colbert-1920.jpg(461 × 464 piksel, saiz fail: 61 KB, jenis MIME: image/jpeg)

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Ringkasan

Keterangan
English: promotional photo of claudette colbert
Tarikh
Sumber http://classiccinemagold.com/claudette-colbert/silver-screen-sirens-claudette-colbert/
Pengarang Unknown authorUnknown author
Kebenaran
(Penggunaan semula fail ini)

This is a publicity photo taken to promote an actress. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):

"Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."

Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:

"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." (The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook By Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)

Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989) p. 87, writes:

"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."

Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements ... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs." ("Fair Usage Publication of Film Stills" by Kristin Thompson, Society for Cinema and Media Studies)

Note on non-renewalː The back of the photo indicates that the Minneapolis Journal received the photo in November 1936, but did not use it for publication until February 17, 1937. A check of publications renewals for the Minneapolis Journal for the years 1964 and 1965 showed that the paper did not renew any issues during those two years.

Perlesenan

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in the United States between 1929 and 1977, inclusive, without a copyright notice. For further explanation, see Commons:Hirtle chart as well as a detailed definition of "publication" for public art. Note that it may still be copyrighted in jurisdictions that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works (depending on the date of the author's death), such as Canada (50 p.m.a.), Mainland China (50 p.m.a., not Hong Kong or Macao), Germany (70 p.m.a.), Mexico (100 p.m.a.), Switzerland (70 p.m.a.), and other countries with individual treaties.

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Public domain
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Fail media ini berada dalam domain awam di Amerika Syarikat. Ini sering diguna pakai di A.S. di mana hak cipta yang telah luput tarikhnya kebiasaannya disebabkan penerbitan pertama berlaku sebelum 1 Januari 1929. Sila lihat, laman ini untuk maklumat lanjut.

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Imej ini mungkin berada dalam domain awam di luar Amerika Syarikat terutama di negara atau kawasan yang tidak mengamalkan peraturan jangka pendek (contohnya Tanah Besar China kecuali Hong Kong dan Macao, Kanada, Jerman, Mexico serta Switzerland). Pencipta dan tahun penerbitan imej ini merupakan maklumat penting dan mesti disertakan. Sila lihat Wikipedia:Domain awam dan Wikipedia:Hak cipta untuk maklumat lanjut.

Captions

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Colbert at 17

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461 piksel

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Tarikh/WaktuGambar kenitUkuranPenggunaKomen
semasa12:45, 28 Ogos 2023Gambar kenit bagi versi pada 12:45, 28 Ogos 2023461 × 464 (61 KB)Mutio842
10:35, 24 Februari 2017Gambar kenit bagi versi pada 10:35, 24 Februari 2017461 × 611 (103 KB)Mutio842crop
00:27, 27 April 2016Gambar kenit bagi versi pada 00:27, 27 April 2016620 × 702 (54 KB)Mutio842User created page with UploadWizard

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