Robert Boyle: Perbezaan antara semakan

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==Tahun pertengahan==
==Tahun pertengahan==
Boyle kembali ke England dari Tanah Besar Eropah ("Continent") pada pertengahan 1644 dengan minat mendalam mengenai sains.<ref>See biographies of Robert Boyle at [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=522], [http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.html], [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Boyle.html] dan [http://books.google.ie/books?id=fjDXtalPeesC&pg=PT24&lpg=PT24&dq=+minority+%22robert+boyle%22+continent&source=web&ots=0GoWnMtkTE&sig=w5L_P2i0E6hYobZE7vm9LffWYN4&hl=en] .</ref> Bapanya meninggal pada tahun sebelumnya dan meninggalkannya [[Stalbridge]] manor di [[Dorset]], bersama beberapa harta tanah di Ireland. Dari masa itu, dia menghabiskan hayatnya pada penyelidikan sains, dan mengambil tempat menonjol dalam kumpulan penyelidik, yang dikenali sebagai "Invisible College", yang mengabadikan diri mereka bagi pengembangan "falsafah baru". Mereka sering berjumpa di London, kebiasaannya di Kolej Gresham; sesetengah ahli turut berkumpul di [[Oxford]] di mana Boyle tinggal pada 1654. Membaca mengenai pam udara [[Otto von Guericke]] pada 1657, dia menyediakan dirinya bersama pembantunya, [[Robert Hooke]] untuk mencipta peningkatan pada pembinaannya, dan menhgasilkan, "mesin Boyleana" atau "Enjin Pneumatical", disiapkan pada 1659, dia kemudiannya memulakan beberapa ujikaji berkenaan ciri-ciri udara.<ref name=acottLaw/> Tulisan boleh didapati pada dinding University College, Oxford High Street, Oxford di [[Oxford]] (kini lokasi [[Shelley Memorial]]), menanda tapak Dewan Cross ("Cross Hall") berada sehingga awal 1800-an. Di sini adalah di mana Boyle menyewa bilik daripada pembancuh ubat ("apothecary") kaya pemilik Dewan.

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Boyle returned to England from the Continent in mid 1644 with a keen interest in science.<ref>See biographies of Robert Boyle at [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=522], [http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.html], [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Boyle.html] and [http://books.google.ie/books?id=fjDXtalPeesC&pg=PT24&lpg=PT24&dq=+minority+%22robert+boyle%22+continent&source=web&ots=0GoWnMtkTE&sig=w5L_P2i0E6hYobZE7vm9LffWYN4&hl=en] .</ref> His father had died the previous year and had left him the manor of [[Stalbridge]] in [[Dorset]], together with some estates in Ireland. From that time, he devoted his life to [[science|scientific]] research, and soon took a prominent place in the band of inquirers, known as the "[[Invisible College]]", who devoted themselves to the cultivation of the "new philosophy". They met frequently in London, often at [[Gresham College]]; some of the members also had meetings at [[Oxford]] where Boyle went to reside in 1654. Reading in 1657 of [[Otto von Guericke]]'s air-pump, he set himself with the assistance of [[Robert Hooke]] to devise improvements in its construction, and with the result, the "machina Boyleana" or "Pneumatical Engine", finished in 1659, he began a series of experiments on the properties of air.<ref name=acottLaw/> An inscription can be found on the wall of [[University College, Oxford]] the [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]] at [[Oxford]] (now the location of the [[Shelley Memorial]]), marking the spot where Cross Hall stood until the early 1800s. It was here that Boyle rented rooms from the wealthy apothecary who owned the Hall.
Boyle returned to England from the Continent in mid 1644 with a keen interest in science.<ref>See biographies of Robert Boyle at [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=522], [http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.html], [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Boyle.html] and [http://books.google.ie/books?id=fjDXtalPeesC&pg=PT24&lpg=PT24&dq=+minority+%22robert+boyle%22+continent&source=web&ots=0GoWnMtkTE&sig=w5L_P2i0E6hYobZE7vm9LffWYN4&hl=en] .</ref> His father had died the previous year and had left him the manor of [[Stalbridge]] in [[Dorset]], together with some estates in Ireland. From that time, he devoted his life to [[science|scientific]] research, and soon took a prominent place in the band of inquirers, known as the "[[Invisible College]]", who devoted themselves to the cultivation of the "new philosophy". They met frequently in London, often at [[Gresham College]]; some of the members also had meetings at [[Oxford]] where Boyle went to reside in 1654. Reading in 1657 of [[Otto von Guericke]]'s air-pump, he set himself with the assistance of [[Robert Hooke]] to devise improvements in its construction, and with the result, the "machina Boyleana" or "Pneumatical Engine", finished in 1659, he began a series of experiments on the properties of air.<ref name=acottLaw/> An inscription can be found on the wall of [[University College, Oxford]] the [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]] at [[Oxford]] (now the location of the [[Shelley Memorial]]), marking the spot where Cross Hall stood until the early 1800s. It was here that Boyle rented rooms from the wealthy apothecary who owned the Hall.

Semakan pada 03:57, 5 Februari 2010

Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle (1627–1691)
Kelahiran25 Januari 1627
Meninggal dunia30 Disember 1691 (aged 64)
London, England
Terkenal keranaKajian ciri-ciri fizikal gas
Kajian mengenai konsep unsur kimia
Kerjaya saintifik
BidangFizik, Kimia
Dipengaruhi olehRobert Hooke

Robert Boyle (25 Januari 1627 – 30 Disember 1691) merupakan ahli falsafah semulajadi, ahli kimia, fizik, pencipta, dan pakar sains budiman, juga dikenali bagi penulisannya dalam theologi. Dia paling dikenali bagi mencipta formula bagi hukum Boyle.[2] Sungguhpun kajian dan falsafah peribadinya jelas menunjukkan asasnya dalam tradisi alkhemikal, pada masa kini dia dianggap ahli kimia moden pertama, dan dengan itu salah seorang pengasas kimia moden. Antara karyanya, The Sceptical Chymist dilihat sebagai buku batu asas dalam bidang kimia.

Tahun-tahun awal

Boyle dilahirkan di Istana Lismore, di County Waterford, Ireland, anak lelaki ketujuh dan anak ke empat belas kepada Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. Richard Boyle tiba di Ireland pada tahun 1588 sebagai seorang usahawan ("entrepreneur"), dan mengumpul sejumlah besar hak milik tanah ketika Robert dilahirkan. Ketika masih kanak-kanak, Robert belajar bertutur Latin, Greek dan Perancis. Dia belumpun berusia lapan tahun apabila, selepas kematian ibunya, dia dihantar ke Kolej Eton di England, di mana rakan bapanya, Sir Henry Wotton, ketika itu Provost pendidikan. Selepas tinggal lebih tiga tahun di Eton, Robert mengembara di luar negara bersama pengajar Perancis. Mereka melawat Itali pada tahun 1641, dan tinggal di Florence semasa musim sejuk tahun tersebut, belajar "paradox pengkaji bintang agung" Galileo Galilei — Galileo sudahpun tua, tetapi masih hidup di Florence pada in 1641. Kematian Galileo mempengaruhi Boyle untuk belajar astronomi dan mekhanik.

Tahun pertengahan

Boyle kembali ke England dari Tanah Besar Eropah ("Continent") pada pertengahan 1644 dengan minat mendalam mengenai sains.[3] Bapanya meninggal pada tahun sebelumnya dan meninggalkannya Stalbridge manor di Dorset, bersama beberapa harta tanah di Ireland. Dari masa itu, dia menghabiskan hayatnya pada penyelidikan sains, dan mengambil tempat menonjol dalam kumpulan penyelidik, yang dikenali sebagai "Invisible College", yang mengabadikan diri mereka bagi pengembangan "falsafah baru". Mereka sering berjumpa di London, kebiasaannya di Kolej Gresham; sesetengah ahli turut berkumpul di Oxford di mana Boyle tinggal pada 1654. Membaca mengenai pam udara Otto von Guericke pada 1657, dia menyediakan dirinya bersama pembantunya, Robert Hooke untuk mencipta peningkatan pada pembinaannya, dan menhgasilkan, "mesin Boyleana" atau "Enjin Pneumatical", disiapkan pada 1659, dia kemudiannya memulakan beberapa ujikaji berkenaan ciri-ciri udara.[2] Tulisan boleh didapati pada dinding University College, Oxford High Street, Oxford di Oxford (kini lokasi Shelley Memorial), menanda tapak Dewan Cross ("Cross Hall") berada sehingga awal 1800-an. Di sini adalah di mana Boyle menyewa bilik daripada pembancuh ubat ("apothecary") kaya pemilik Dewan.


Personaliti

Boyle adalah tinggi, kurus dan penampilan pucat. Tubuhnya tidak sasa, dan sepanjang hiyatnya dia menderita kesihatan yang lemah dan semangat rendah. Sungguhpun hasil kerja saintifiknya menjamin reputasi luar biasa di kalangan semasanya, perwatakan peribadi dan kebaikannya, sifat sosialnya yang menarik, sifat lucu dan daya perbualannya, menarikkan dirinya pada khayalak besar sahabat rapat. Dia tidak pernah berkahwin. Penulisannya amat banyak, dan stailenya adalah jelas dan terus pada matlamatnya, sungguhpun tidak dapat disangkal banyak perkataan.[4]

Kerja pentingnya

Muka hadapan The Sceptical Chymist (1661).
Flask aliran-diri Boyle, mesin pergerakan kekalnya, kelihatannya mengisi diri melalui tindakan siphon("pergerakan kekal hidrostatik").[5] Sebenarnya ini adalah mustahil; siphon memerlukan "pengeluaran" lebih rendah berbanding "kemasukan".

Berikut merupakan sebahagian hasil kerjanya yang penting:

  • 1660 – New Experiments Physico-Mechanical: Touching the Spring of the Air and their Effects
  • 1661 - The Sceptical Chymist
  • 1663 – Considerations touching the Usefulness of Experimental Natural Philosophy (followed by a second part in 1671)
  • 1664 – Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours, with Observations on a Diamond that Shines in the Dark
  • 1665 – New Experiments and Observations upon Cold
  • 1666 – Hydrostatical Paradoxes
  • 1666 – Origin of Forms and Qualities according to the Corpuscular Philosophy
  • 1669 – a continuation of his work on the spring of air
  • 1670 – demonstrated that a reduction in ambient pressure could lead to bubble formation in living tissue. This description of a viper in a vacuum was the first recorded description of decompression sickness.[6]
  • 1670 – tracts about the Cosmical Qualities of Things, the Temperature of the Subterraneal and Submarine Regions, the Bottom of the Sea, &c. with an Introduction to the History of Particular Qualities
  • 1672 – Origin and Virtues of Gems
  • 1673 – Essays of the Strange Subtilty, Great Efficacy, Determinate Nature of Effluviums
  • 1674 – two volumes of tracts on the Saltiness of the Sea, Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air, Cold, Celestial Magnets, Animadversions on Hobbes's Problemata de Vacuo
  • 1676 – Experiments and Notes about the Mechanical Origin or Production of Particular Qualities, including some notes on electricity and magnetism
  • 1678 – Observations upon an artificial Substance that Shines without any Preceding Illustration
  • 1680 – the Aerial Noctiluca
  • 1682 – New Experiments and Observations upon the Icy Noctiluca
  • 1682 – a further continuation of his work on the air
  • 1684 – Memoirs for the Natural History of the Human Blood
  • 1685 – Short Memoirs for the Natural Experimental History of Mineral Waters
  • 1686 – A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature
  • 1690 – Medicina Hydrostatica
  • 1691 – Experimentae et Observationes Physicae

Antara penulisan keagamaan dan falsafahnya adalah:

  • 1648/1660 – Seraphic Love, ditulis pada 1648, tetapi tidak diterbitkan sehingga 1660
  • 1663 – Essay mengenai Stail Holy Scriptures
  • 1664 – Excellence of Theology compared with Natural Philosophy
  • 1665 – Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects, yang diperbodohkan oleh Swift dalam A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, dan oleh Butler dalam An Occasional Reflection on Dr Charlton's Feeling a Dog's Pulse di Kolej Gresham
  • 1675 – Some Considerations about the Reconcileableness of Reason and Religion, with a Discourse about the Possibility of the Resurrection
  • 1687 – The Martyrdom of Theodora And Didymus
  • 1690 – The Christian Virtuoso

Lihat juga

Rujukan

  1. ^ Deem, Rich (2005). "The Religious Affiliation of Robert Boyle the father of modern chemistry. From: Famous Scientists Who Believed in God". adherents.com. Dicapai pada 2009-04-17.
  2. ^ a b Acott, Chris (1999). "The diving "Law-ers": A brief resume of their lives". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal. 29 (1). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Dicapai pada 2009-04-17.
  3. ^ See biographies of Robert Boyle at [1], [2], [3] dan [4] .
  4. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)
  5. ^ Arthur W. J. G. Ord-Hume (2006). Perpetual Motion: The History of an Obsession. Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 1931882517.
  6. ^ Acott, C. (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal. 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Dicapai pada 2009-04-17.

Bacaan lanjut

  • Stephen Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump.
  • Lawrence Principe, The Aspiring Adept: Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest
  • John F Fulton, A Bibliography of the Honourable Robert Boyle, Fellow of the Royal Society. Second edition. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1961.

Hasil kerja Boyle di talian

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