Perang Punic Ketiga: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Perang ini merupakan satu pertempuran dalam skala yang lebih kecil berbanding dua peperangan Punic sebelumnya. Ia terdiri dari satu pertempuran sahaja iaitu [[Pertempuran Carthage (sekitar 149 SM)|Pertempuran Carthage]], yang menyebabkan kota Carthage musnah sepenuhnya, pendudukan wilayah Carthage yang selebihnya oleh Rom, dan kematian atau perhambaan ke atas keseluruhan rakyat Carthage. Perang Punic Ketiga juga menamatkan kewujudan kemerdekaan Carthage.
Perang ini merupakan satu pertempuran dalam skala yang lebih kecil berbanding dua peperangan Punic sebelumnya. Ia terdiri dari satu pertempuran sahaja iaitu [[Pertempuran Carthage (sekitar 149 SM)|Pertempuran Carthage]], yang menyebabkan kota Carthage musnah sepenuhnya, pendudukan wilayah Carthage yang selebihnya oleh Rom, dan kematian atau perhambaan ke atas keseluruhan rakyat Carthage. Perang Punic Ketiga juga menamatkan kewujudan kemerdekaan Carthage.


==Background==
==Latar belakang==
In the years between the [[Second Punic War|Second]] and Third Punic War, Rome was engaged in the conquest of the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] empires to the east (see [[Macedonian Wars]], [[Illyrian Wars]], and the [[Roman-Syrian War]]) and ruthlessly suppressing the [[Hispania]]n peoples in the west, although they had been essential to the Roman success in the Second Punic War. Carthage, stripped of allies and territory ([[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]], [[Hispania]]), was suffering under a huge indemnity of 200 silver [[Talent (weight)|talent]]s to be paid every year for 50 years.
Dalam tahun-tahun antara [[Perang Punic Kedua]] dan Perang Punic Kedua, Rom telah terlibat dengan penaklukan empayar [[Tamadun Hellenistic|Hellenistic]] di arah timur (lihat [[Perang-perang Macedonia]], [[Perang Illyria]], dan [[Perang Rom-Syria]]) dan dengan kejamnya menekan penduduk [[Hispania]] di barat, walaubagaimanapun sumbangan mereka adalah penting dalam membawa kejayaan kepada Rom dalam Perang Punic Kedua. Carthage, yang ditinggalkan sekutu dan wilayah yang dirampas ([[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]], [[Hispania]]), membayar pampasan yang besar dalam bentuk 200 [[Talent (berat)|talent]] perak yang mesti dibayar pada setiap tahun selama 50 tahun.
According to [[Appian]] the senator [[Cato the Elder|Cato]] usually finished his speeches on any subject in the Senate with the phrase ''[[Carthago delenda est|ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam]]'', which means "Furthermore, it is my opinion that Carthage must be destroyed", a position earlier cited by [[Cicero]] in his dialogue [[De Senectute]].<ref>''At Senatui quae sint gerenda praescribo et quo modo, Carthagini male iam diu cogitanti bellum multo ante denuntio, de qua vereri non ante desinam, quam illam excissam esse cognovero.'' Cicero, Marcus Tullius: ''De senectute.'' English translation and comments by William Armistead Falconer. Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1923, page 26. ISBN 0674991702</ref> He was opposed by the senator [[Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum]], who favoured a different course, one that would not destroy Carthage, and who usually convinced the Senate.

The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War required that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the [[Roman Senate]] and required Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, in the fifty intervening years between the Second and Third Punic War, Carthage had to take all border disputes with Rome's ally [[Numidia]] to the Roman Senate, where they were decided almost exclusively in Numidian favor.

In [[151 BC]], the Carthaginian debt to Rome was fully repaid, meaning that, in Punic eyes, the treaty was now expired{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}, though not so according to the Romans, who instead viewed the treaty as a permanent declaration of Carthaginian subordination to Rome akin to the Roman treaties with its Italian allies. Moreover, the retirement of the indemnity removed one of the main incentives the Romans had to keep the peace with Carthage - there were no further payments that might be interrupted.

The Romans had other reasons to conquer Carthage and her remaining territories{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}. By the middle of the [[second century BC]] the population of the city of Rome was about 400,000 and rising. Feeding the growing populace was becoming a major challenge. The farmlands surrounding Carthage represented the most productive, most accessible and perhaps the most easily obtainable agricultural lands not yet under Roman control.


==The course of war==
==The course of war==

Semakan pada 16:51, 9 April 2010

Perang Punic Ketiga
Sebahagian daripada Perang-perang Punic

Kedudukan kota Carthage
Tarikh149 SM – 146 SM
Lokasi
Carthage (berdekatan Tunis moden)
Keputusan Kemenangan Rom, Carthage dijarah.
Pihak yang terlibat
Republik Rom Carthage
Komandan dan pemimpin
Scipio Aemilianus Hasdrubal the Boeotarch
Kekuatan
40,000 tentera[perlu rujukan] 120,000+:
90,000 anggota pertahanan,
30,000+ orang awam[perlu rujukan]
Kerugian dan korban
17,000 terbunuh[perlu rujukan] 62,000 terbunuh,
50,000 dihambakan[perlu rujukan]

Perang Punic Ketiga (149 SM hingga 146 SM) adalah perang ketiga dan terakhir yang berlaku di dalam Perang-perang Punic di antar bekas jajahan Phoenicia di Carthage, dengan Republik Rom. Perang-perang Punic mendapat namanya dari nama Rom purba bagi orang Carthage: Punici, atau Poenici.

Perang ini merupakan satu pertempuran dalam skala yang lebih kecil berbanding dua peperangan Punic sebelumnya. Ia terdiri dari satu pertempuran sahaja iaitu Pertempuran Carthage, yang menyebabkan kota Carthage musnah sepenuhnya, pendudukan wilayah Carthage yang selebihnya oleh Rom, dan kematian atau perhambaan ke atas keseluruhan rakyat Carthage. Perang Punic Ketiga juga menamatkan kewujudan kemerdekaan Carthage.

Latar belakang

Dalam tahun-tahun antara Perang Punic Kedua dan Perang Punic Kedua, Rom telah terlibat dengan penaklukan empayar Hellenistic di arah timur (lihat Perang-perang Macedonia, Perang Illyria, dan Perang Rom-Syria) dan dengan kejamnya menekan penduduk Hispania di barat, walaubagaimanapun sumbangan mereka adalah penting dalam membawa kejayaan kepada Rom dalam Perang Punic Kedua. Carthage, yang ditinggalkan sekutu dan wilayah yang dirampas (Sicily, Sardinia, Hispania), membayar pampasan yang besar dalam bentuk 200 talent perak yang mesti dibayar pada setiap tahun selama 50 tahun.

The course of war

In 151 BC Numidia launched another border raid on Carthaginian soil, besieging a town, and Carthage launched a large military expedition (25,000 soldiers) to repel the Numidian invaders. As a result, Carthage suffered a humiliating military defeat and was charged with another fifty year debt to Numidia. Immediately thereafter, however, Rome showed displeasure with Carthage’s decision to wage war against its neighbour without Roman consent, and told Carthage that in order to avoid a war it had to “satisfy the Roman People.”

In 149 BC, Rome declared war against Carthage. The Carthaginians made a series of attempts to appease Rome, and received a promise that if three hundred children of well-born Carthaginians were sent as hostages to Rome the Carthaginians would keep the rights to their land and self-government. Even after this was done, however, the allied city of Utica defected to Rome, and a Roman army of 80,000 men gathered there.[1] The consuls then demanded that Carthage hand over all weapons and armour. After those had been handed over, Rome additionally demanded that the Carthaginians move at least ten miles inland, while the city itself was to be burned. When the Carthaginians learned of this they abandoned negotiations and the city was immediately besieged, beginning the Third Punic War.

The Carthaginians endured the siege starting c.149 BC to the spring of 146 BC, when Scipio Aemilianus took the city by storm. Though the Punic citizens fought valiantly, they were inevitably gradually pushed back by the overwhelming Roman military force and destroyed.

Aftermath

Carthage ruins

Many Carthaginians died from starvation during the later part of the siege, while many others died in the final six days of fighting. When the war ended, the remaining 50,000 Carthaginians, a small part of the original pre-war population, were, as was the normal fate in antiquity of inhabitants of sacked cities, sold into slavery by the victors.[2] The city was systematically burned for somewhere between 10 and 17 days; the city walls, its buildings and its harbour were utterly destroyed.

The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa. The site of Carthage was rebuilt and rededicated as a Roman city by Julius Caesar and would later become one of the main cities of Roman Africa at the time of the Empire.

That Roman forces then sowed the city with salt to ensure that nothing would grow there again is almost certainly a 19th century invention.[3] Contemporary accounts show that the land surrounding Carthage was declared ager publicus and that it was shared between local farmers, and Roman and Italian ones. North Africa soon became a vital source of grain for the Romans. Roman Carthage was the main hub transporting these supplies to the capital. The fact that Rome came to rely on North African grain as quickly as she did after conquering Carthage makes any notion that she might have destroyed Carthaginian farmlands quite doubtful.

Numerous significant Carthaginian cities, such as those in Mauretania, were taken over and rebuilt by the Romans. Examples of these rebuilt cities are Volubilis, Chellah and Mogador. Volubilis, for example, was an important Roman town situated near the westernmost border of Roman conquests. It was built on the site of the previous Carthaginian settlement, but that settlement overlies an earlier neolithic habitation.[4] Utica, the Punic city which changed loyalties at the beginning of the siege, became the capital of the Roman province of Africa.[1]

In January 1985, Ugo Vetere, the mayor of Rome, and Chedly Klibi, the mayor of Carthage, signed a symbolic friendship and collaboration pact, "officially" ending the conflict between their cities.[5]

Rujukan

  1. ^ a b Scullard, pages 310 and 316
  2. ^ Scullard, Howard Hayes: A History of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC. Routledge, 2002, page 316. ISBN 0415305047
  3. ^ Ridley, R.T., "To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage," Classical Philology vol. 81, no. 2 (1986).
  4. ^ C.Michael Hogan, Volubilis, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham (2007)
  5. ^ New York Times Retrieved 15 September 2008

Pautan luar

Templat:Ancient Roman Wars

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