Negara sekular: Perbezaan antara semakan
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{{legend|#EB151C|Negara |
{{legend|#EB151C|Negara sekuler}} |
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{{legend|#FFBB0A|Negara dengan [[agama rasmi]]}} |
{{legend|#FFBB0A|Negara dengan [[agama rasmi]]}} |
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Semakan pada 18:09, 6 Januari 2011
Jika anda ingin membantu, sumbangan anda dialu-alukan.
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Rencana ini diusahakan oleh BukanTeamBiasa dan memerlukan bantuan. |
Sebuah negara sekular adalah suatu konsep secularisme, di mana sebuah negara purports menjadi secara rasmi neutral dengan hal agama, tidak menyokong sama ada agama atau menentang agama.[1] Sebuah negara sekular juga mendakwa melayan semua warganya sama tanpa mengura agama, dan mendakwa mencegah layanan kelebihsukaan untuk seorang warga dari suatu agama/tanpa agama khusus ke atas agama lain/tanpa agama. Negara-negara sekular tidak mempunyai sebuah agama rasmi atau yang sama, walaupun ketidakhadiran sebuah agama rasmi tidak meyakinkan bahawa sebuah negara adalah sekular.
Negara-negara sekular menjadi sekular sama ada pada pertubuhan negara atau dengan sekularisasi negara (contohnya Perancis). Gerakan untuk laïcité di Perancis dan untuk separation of church and state di Amerika Syariakt mentakrifkan konsep moden sekularisme. Historically, the process of secularising states typically involves granting religious freedom, disestablishing state religions, stopping public funds to be used for a religion, freeing the legal system from religious control, freeing up the education system, tolerating citizens who change religion or abstain from religion, and allowing political leadership to come to power regardless of religious beliefs.[2]
Not all legally secular states are completely secular in practice. In France for example, many Christian holy days are official holidays for the public administration, and teachers in Catholic schools are salaried by the state.[3] In India, the government gives subsidy in airfare for Muslims going on Haj pilgrimage(See Haj subsidy). In 2007, the government had to spend Rs. 47,454 per passenger.[4]
Many states that nowadays are secular in practice may have legal vestiges of an earlier established religion. Secularism also has various guises which may coincide with some degree of official religiosity. Thus, in the Commonwealth Realms, the head of state is required to take the Coronation Oath[5] swearing to uphold the Protestant faith. The United Kingdom also maintains positions in its upper house for 26 senior clergymen of the established Church of England known as the Lords Spiritual (spiritual peers).[6] While Scotland is part of the United Kingdom the Scottish Parliament declared Scotland a secular state but maintains the religious monarch.[7] The reverse progression can also occur, a state can go from being secular to a religious state as in the case of Iran where the secularized state of the Pahlavi dynasts was replaced by the Islamic Republic (list below). Over the last 250 years, there has been a trend towards secularism.[8][9][10]
Negara sekular dan kebebasan agama
It is not only the communist or former communist countries which engage in the secular repression of religion.[11] Turkey, a secular state which purports to guarantee freedom of conscience, aggressively promotes secularism, favoring secular views over religion and controlling all aspects of religious practice.[12] Mexico, also a secular state, has, especially since its 1917 Constitution a history of anticlerical religious oppression.[12] Churches could not engage in worship outside of a church building, own property, sue or defend itself in a suit, or engage in education; religious orders were outlawed, priests deprived of political speech and the right to vote.[12] Many of these restrictions were removed, but many remain, including limitations on the rights of freedom of speech.[12]
With regard to oppression by secular states, scholars have distinguished between what are sometimes called "friendly" and "hostile" separations of church and state.[13] The friendly type limits the interference of the church in matters of the state but also limits the interference of the state in church matters.[14] The hostile variety, by contrast, seeks to confine religion purely to the home or church and limits religious education, religious rites of passage and public displays of faith.[15]
The hostile model of militant secularism arose with the French Revolution and is typified in the Mexican Revolution and the Spanish Constitution of 1931.[15][16] The hostile model exhibited during these events can be seen as approaching the type of political religion seen in totalitarian states.[15]
The French separation of 1905 and the Spanish separation of 1931 have been characterized as the two most hostile of the twentieth century, although the current schemes in those countries are considered generally friendly.[17] France's President Nicolas Sarkozy, however, still considers the current scheme a "negative laicite" and wants to develop a "positive laicite" more open to religion.[18] The hostilities of the state toward religion have been seen as a cause of civil war in Spain[19] and Mexico.
Senarai negara sekular mengikut benua
Negara sekuler Negara dengan agama rasmi Tidak diketahui atau tidak mempunyai data |
Afrika
- Angola[20]
- Benin[21]
- Botswana[22][23]
- Burkina Faso[24]
- Burundi[25]
- Cameroon[26]
- Tanjung Verde[27]
- Chad[28]
- Republik Demokratik Congo[29]
- Republik Congo[30]
- Habsyah[31]
- Gabon[32]
- Gambia[33]
- Guinea[34]
- Guinea-Bissau[35]
- Liberia[36]
- Mali[37]
- Namibia[38]
- Senegal[39]
- Somalia[40]
- Afrika Selatan[41]
Benua Amerika
Asia
- Republik Rakyat China[50]
- Timor Leste [51]
- India[52]
- Jepun[53]
- Kazakhstan[54]
- Korea Selatan[55]
- Kyrgyzstan[56]
- Laos
- Malaysia[57]
- Nepal[58]
- Filipina[59]
- Sri Lanka[60][61]
- Thailand[62]
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan[63][64]
- Vietnam[65]
- Singapura
- Syria[66]
Eropah
- Azerbaijan[67]
- Austria[68]
- Albania[69]
- Belgium[70]
- Bosnia dan Herzegovina[71]
- Bulgaria[72]
- Republik Czech[73]
- Estonia[74]
- Perancis[75]
- Jerman[76]
- Hungary[77]
- Republik Ireland[78]
- Latvia[79]
- Macedonia Utara
- Portugal
- Romania[80]
- Rusia[81]
- Serbia[82]
- Slovakia[83]
- Sweden[84]
- Turki[85]
Oceania
Bekas negara sekular
- Iran - Became a secular state in 1925 after Reza Pahlavi was installed as Shah. Islam was re-instituted as the state religion in December 1979 following the adoption of a new constitution.
- Iraq (Chapter 1, Article 2 of the 2005 Constitution, constitution is subject to review by the Constitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum in 2007)
- Madagaskar (1960–2007) Constitution with "laïc" removed
Negara Tidak Diketahui
- United Kingdom - The Church of England is the established state religion of England - though not Northern Ireland, Scotland or Wales - with members holding seats in the House of Lords as the Lords Spiritual. Traditionally they do not vote, though the potential is there for direct church involvement in law-making decisions over the entire United Kingdom.
- Australia - Australia is only notionally secular by way of Section 116 of its Constitution. In practice Australian governments fund both religious schools as well as Christian "chaplains" in State schools. Religious education is compulsory in most Australian State schools.The Federal Parliament of Australia opens with Christian prayers. Australia has been referred to as a "soft theocracy" by some.[88]
Lihat juga
Cari secular dalam Wikikamus bahasa Melayu, kamus bebas. |
- Agama sivil
- Laïcité
- Polis agama
- Pendidikan sekular
- Sekularisme
- Agama sekular
- Ateisme rasmi
- Agama rasmi
- Teokrasi
Catatan
- ^ Madeley, John T. S. and Zsolt Enyedi, Church and state in contemporary Europe: the chimera of neutrality, p. , 2003 Routledge
- ^ Jean Baubérot The secular principle[pautan mati]
- ^ Richard Teese, Private Schools in France: Evolution of a System, Comparative Education Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (May, 1986), pp. 247-259 (Inggeris)
- ^ Haj subsidy has Air India fuming
- ^ Coronation Oath[pautan mati]
- ^ Different types of Lords
- ^ [1]
- ^ Harris Interactive News Room - Religious views and beliefs vary greatly by country, according to the latest Financial Times/Harris poll
- ^ Summary of Findings: A Portrait of "Generation Next"
- ^ Secularization and Secularism - History and nature of secularization and secularism till 1914
- ^ Marshall, Paul A. Religious freedom in the world, p. 16, 2007 Rowman & Littlefield
- ^ a b c d Marshall, Paul A. Religious freedom in the world, p. 14, 2007 Rowman & Littlefield
- ^ Maier, Hans and Jodi Bruhn Totalitarianism and Political Religions, pp. 109 2004 Routledge
- ^ Op. cit.Maier & Bruhn 2004, halaman 110
- ^ a b c Op. cit.Maier & Bruhn 2004, halaman 111
- ^ Martinez-Torron, Javier Freedom of religion in the case law of the Spanish Constitutional court, p. 2, Brigham Young University Law Review 2001
- ^ Stepan, Alfred, Arguing Comparative Politics, p. 221, Oxford University Press
- ^ Beita, Peter B. French President's religious mixing riles critics Christianity Today, Jan. 23, 2008
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. , A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 25: The Second Spanish Republic , p. 632, (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (Library of Iberian Resources Online. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
- ^ Article 8 of Constitution
- ^ Article 2 of Constitution
- ^ Botswana - International Religious Freedom Report 2007
- ^ Leaders say Botswana is a secular state
- ^ Article 31 of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution
- ^ Preamble of Constitution
- ^ Article 48 of Constitution
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution
- ^ Article 11 of Constitution
- ^ Article 2 of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 14 of Constitution
- ^ Preamble of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Articles 10, 14, 19 and 21 of Constitution
- ^ Senegal - International Religious Freedom Report 2007
- ^ Appendix 1: Draft Constitution for the Republic of Somalia[pautan mati]
- ^ South Africa - International Religious Freedom Report 2007
- ^ Article 19 of Constitution
- ^ Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
- ^ Article 8 of Constitution
- ^ Article 77 of the Constitution
- ^ Summary Honduras Constitutions (English)
- ^ Article 130 of Constitution
- ^ Article II of Constitution Sección 3
- ^ Amendment I of the Constitution
- ^ Article 36 of Constitution
- ^ Section 45 of Constitution
- ^ Preamble of Constitution
- ^ Article 20 of Constitution
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 20 of Constitution
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution
- ^ The Malaysian Bar PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular State
- ^ Religious Intelligence - News - Nepal moves to become a secular republic[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 2, Section 6 of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009 Student & Home Electronic Edition
- ^ The Constitution of Sri Lanka: Chapter III - Fundamental Rights
- ^ Section 38 of Constitution
- ^ Статья 11[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 11 of the Constitution
- ^ Article 70 of Constitution
- ^ [2]
- ^ Article 7.1 of Constitution
- ^ Articles 7 and 14 of Constitution
- ^ Article 7 of Constitution
- ^ Article 20 of Constitution
- ^ [3]
- ^ Article 13(2) of Constitution
- ^ Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms
- ^ Article 40 of Constitution
- ^ Article 2 of Constitution
- ^ Article 140 of Constitution[pautan mati]
- ^ Article 60 of Constitution
- ^ Article 44.2.2º of Constitution
- ^ Article 99 of Constitution
- ^ Article 29 of the Constitution, Article 9(1) of Law 489/2006 on Religious Freedom
- ^ Article 14 of Constitution
- ^ Article 11 of the Constitution
- ^ Article 1 of Constitution
- ^ The Swedish head of state must according to the Swedish Act of Succession adhere to the Augsburg Confession
- ^ Article 2 of Constitution
- ^ Section 116 of Constitution
- ^ Section IV Article 2 of Constitution
- ^ The Purple Economy, Max Wallace ,2006