Negara sekular: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Tidak semua negara sekular secara legal adalah keseluruhannya sekular dalam amalan. Di Perancis, contohnya, banyak [[hari suci]] Kristian adalah cuti rasmi untuk pentadbiran awam, dan guru-guru di [[sekolah Katolik]] digajikan oleh negara.<ref>Richard Teese, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-4086(198605)30%3A2%3C247%3APSIFEO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y Private Schools in France: Evolution of a System], ''[[Comparative Education Review]]'', Vol. 30, No. 2 (May, 1986), pp. 247-259 {{en icon}}</ref> Di [[India]], kerajaan memberikan subsidy pada airfare untuk umat [[Islam]] yang mengamal [[haji]] (Lihat [[Haj subsidy]]). Pada 2007, kerajaan telah membelanja Rs. 47,454 tiap penumpang.<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/haj-subsidy-has-air-india-fuming/360651/0 Haj subsidy has Air India fuming<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Tidak semua negara sekular secara legal adalah keseluruhannya sekular dalam amalan. Di Perancis, contohnya, banyak [[hari suci]] Kristian adalah cuti rasmi untuk pentadbiran awam, dan guru-guru di [[sekolah Katolik]] digajikan oleh negara.<ref>Richard Teese, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-4086(198605)30%3A2%3C247%3APSIFEO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y Private Schools in France: Evolution of a System], ''[[Comparative Education Review]]'', Vol. 30, No. 2 (May, 1986), pp. 247-259 {{en icon}}</ref> Di [[India]], kerajaan memberikan subsidy pada airfare untuk umat [[Islam]] yang mengamal [[haji]] (Lihat [[Haj subsidy]]). Pada 2007, kerajaan telah membelanja Rs. 47,454 tiap penumpang.<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/haj-subsidy-has-air-india-fuming/360651/0 Haj subsidy has Air India fuming<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


Banyak negara yang hari ini sekular dalam amalan mungkin mempunyai vestiges legal dari suatu [[agama ditubuhkan]] yang terdahulunya. Sekularisme juga mempunyai pelbagai samaran yang dapat terserempak dengan sesetengah peringkat agama rasmi. Oleh itu, dalam [[Dunia Komonwel]], ketua negara diperlukan mengambil [[Coronation Oath Act 1688|Coronation Oath]]<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4105.asp Coronation Oath]{{Dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref> mengangkat sumpah kepada [[pelindung agama|uphold the Protestant faith]]. United Kingdom juga mengekalkan posisi dalam dewan pertuanannya dengan 26 ketua paderi dari Gereja England yang telah ditubuhkan sebagai [[Tuan Rohaniah]] (peer rohaniah).<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/members/lords_types.cfm Different types of Lords]</ref> While Scotland is part of the United Kingdom the Scottish Parliament declared Scotland a secular state but maintains the religious monarch.<ref>[http://www.vexen.co.uk/UK/religion.html]</ref> The reverse progression can also occur, a state can go from being secular to a [[state religion|religious state]] as in the case of [[Iran]] where the secularized state of the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi dynasts]] was replaced by the [[Islamic Republic]] (list below). Over the last 250 years, there has been a trend towards secularism.<ref>[http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131 Harris Interactive News Room - Religious views and beliefs vary greatly by country, according to the latest Financial Times/Harris poll<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=300 Summary of Findings: A Portrait of "Generation Next"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/11240/Secularization-Secularism-History-Nature-Secularization-Secularism-1914.html Secularization and Secularism - History and nature of secularization and secularism till 1914 ]</ref>
Banyak negara yang hari ini sekular dalam amalan mungkin mempunyai sisa legal dari suatu [[agama ditubuhkan]] yang terdahulunya. Sekularisme juga mempunyai pelbagai samaran yang dapat terserempak dengan sesetengah peringkat agama rasmi. Oleh itu, dalam [[Dunia Komonwel]], ketua negara diperlukan mengambil [[Coronation Oath Act 1688|Coronation Oath]]<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4105.asp Coronation Oath]{{Dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref> mengangkat sumpah kepada [[pelindung agama|uphold the Protestant faith]]. United Kingdom juga mengekalkan posisi dalam dewan pertuanannya dengan 26 ketua paderi dari Gereja England yang telah ditubuhkan sebagai [[Tuan Rohaniah]] (peer rohaniah).<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/members/lords_types.cfm Different types of Lords]</ref> Sementara Scotland adalah sebahagian dari United Kingdom Parlimen Scotland mendakwakan Scotland sebuah negara sekular tetapi mengekalkan raja beragama.<ref>[http://www.vexen.co.uk/UK/religion.html]</ref> Perkembangan terbalik dapat juga timbul, sebuah negara dapat pergi dari menjadi sekular ke sebuah [[agama rasmi|negara beragama]] seperti dalam hal [[Iran]] di mana negara disekularkan [[dinasti Pahlavi]] telah digantikan oleh [[Republik Islam]] (senarai di bawah). Selama 250 lebih tahun, telah ada arah aliran terhadap sekularisme.<ref>[http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=1131 Harris Interactive News Room - Religious views and beliefs vary greatly by country, according to the latest Financial Times/Harris poll<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=300 Summary of Findings: A Portrait of "Generation Next"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://science.jrank.org/pages/11240/Secularization-Secularism-History-Nature-Secularization-Secularism-1914.html Secularization and Secularism - History and nature of secularization and secularism till 1914 ]</ref>


==Negara sekular dan kebebasan agama==
==Negara sekular dan kebebasan agama==
{{POV-section|date=June 2010}}
{{POV-section|date=June 2010}}


It is not only the communist or former communist countries which engage in the secular repression of religion.<ref name="Religious freedom in the world">Marshall, Paul A. [http://books.google.com/books?id=PIq-whVzNxoC&dq Religious freedom in the world], p. 16, 2007 Rowman & Littlefield</ref> [[Turkey]], a secular state which purports to guarantee freedom of conscience, aggressively promotes secularism, favoring secular views over religion and controlling all aspects of religious practice.<ref name="books.google.com">Marshall, Paul A. [http://books.google.com/books?id=PIq-whVzNxoC&dq Religious freedom in the world], p. 14, 2007 Rowman & Littlefield</ref> [[Mexico]], also a secular state, has, especially since its 1917 Constitution [[Persecution of Christians in Mexico|a history of anticlerical religious oppression]].<ref name="books.google.com"/> Churches could not engage in worship outside of a church building, own property, sue or defend itself in a suit, or engage in education; religious orders were outlawed, priests deprived of political speech and the right to vote.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Many of these restrictions were removed, but many remain, including limitations on the rights of freedom of speech.<ref name="books.google.com"/>
Ia bukan hanya negara-negara komunis atau bekas komunis yang melibatkan dalam penindasan sekular agama.<ref name="Religious freedom in the world">Marshall, Paul A. [http://books.google.com/books?id=PIq-whVzNxoC&dq Religious freedom in the world], p. 16, 2007 Rowman & Littlefield</ref> [[Turki]], sebuah negara sekular yang bertujuan untuk meyakinkan kebebasan kesedaran, secara agresif mengalakkan sekularisme, menggemarkan pandangan sekular terhadap agama dan mengawal semua aspek amalan agama.<ref name="books.google.com">Marshall, Paul A. [http://books.google.com/books?id=PIq-whVzNxoC&dq Religious freedom in the world], p. 14, 2007 Rowman & Littlefield</ref> [[Mexico]], juga sebuah negara sekular, telah, terutamanya sejaknya [[Penindasan Umat Kristian di Mexico|sejarah tekanan antikepaderian]] Perlembagaan 1917.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Gereja-gereja tidak dapat melibatkan dalam amal ibadat di luar sebuah bangunan gereja, memiliki harta milik, menyaman atau melindungi dirinya dalam guaman, atau melibat dalam pendidikan; urutan keagamaan dlarang, para paderi serba kekurangan tuturan politik dan hak mengundi.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Banyak dari sekatan ini dialihkan, tetapi banyak masih ada, termasuk had pada hak kebebasan tuturan.<ref name="books.google.com"/>


With regard to oppression by secular states, scholars have distinguished between what are sometimes called "friendly" and "hostile" separations of church and state.<ref><cite id="CITEREFMaierBruhn2004">Maier, Hans and Jodi Bruhn [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&dq Totalitarianism and Political Religions]</cite>, pp. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA109 109] 2004 Routledge</ref> The friendly type limits the interference of the church in matters of the state but also limits the interference of the state in church matters.<ref>Op. cit.{{Harvnb|Maier|Bruhn|2004|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA110 110]|Ref=CITEREFMaierBruhn2004}}</ref> The hostile variety, by contrast, seeks to confine religion purely to the home or church and limits religious education, religious rites of passage and public displays of faith.<ref name=MaierBruhn2004p111>Op. cit.{{Harvnb|Maier|Bruhn|2004|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA111 111]|Ref=CITEREFMaierBruhn2004}}</ref>
With regard to oppression by secular states, scholars have distinguished between what are sometimes called "friendly" and "hostile" separations of church and state.<ref><cite id="CITEREFMaierBruhn2004">Maier, Hans and Jodi Bruhn [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&dq Totalitarianism and Political Religions]</cite>, pp. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA109 109] 2004 Routledge</ref> The friendly type limits the interference of the church in matters of the state but also limits the interference of the state in church matters.<ref>Op. cit.{{Harvnb|Maier|Bruhn|2004|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA110 110]|Ref=CITEREFMaierBruhn2004}}</ref> The hostile variety, by contrast, seeks to confine religion purely to the home or church and limits religious education, religious rites of passage and public displays of faith.<ref name=MaierBruhn2004p111>Op. cit.{{Harvnb|Maier|Bruhn|2004|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA111 111]|Ref=CITEREFMaierBruhn2004}}</ref>

Semakan pada 03:38, 10 Januari 2011
Jika anda ingin membantu, sumbangan anda dialu-alukan.
Rencana ini diusahakan oleh BukanTeamBiasa dan memerlukan bantuan.

Sebuah negara sekular adalah suatu konsep secularisme, di mana sebuah negara bertujuan menjadi secara rasmi neutral dengan hal agama, tidak menyokong sama ada agama atau menentang agama.[1] Sebuah negara sekular juga mendakwa melayan semua warganya sama tanpa mengura agama, dan mendakwa mencegah layanan kelebihsukaan untuk seorang warga dari suatu agama/tanpa agama khusus ke atas agama lain/tanpa agama. Negara-negara sekular tidak mempunyai sebuah agama rasmi atau yang sama, walaupun ketidakhadiran sebuah agama rasmi tidak meyakinkan bahawa sebuah negara adalah sekular.

Negara-negara sekular menjadi sekular sama ada pada pertubuhan negara atau dengan sekularisasi negara (contohnya Perancis). Gerakan untuk laïcité di Perancis dan untuk separation of church and state di Amerika Syarikat mentakrifkan konsep moden sekularisme. Mengikut sejarah, proses menyekularkan negara biasanya melibatkan memberikan kebebasan agama, membuangkan agama rasmi, menghentikan dana awam untuk digunakan untuk suatu agama, membebaskan sistem hukum dari kawalan agama, membebaskan sistem pendidikan, mentolerasikan warganegara yang mengubah agama atau dicegahkan dari agama, dan membenarkan kepimpinan politik datang berkuasa tanpa mengirakan kepercayaan agama.[2]

Tidak semua negara sekular secara legal adalah keseluruhannya sekular dalam amalan. Di Perancis, contohnya, banyak hari suci Kristian adalah cuti rasmi untuk pentadbiran awam, dan guru-guru di sekolah Katolik digajikan oleh negara.[3] Di India, kerajaan memberikan subsidy pada airfare untuk umat Islam yang mengamal haji (Lihat Haj subsidy). Pada 2007, kerajaan telah membelanja Rs. 47,454 tiap penumpang.[4]

Banyak negara yang hari ini sekular dalam amalan mungkin mempunyai sisa legal dari suatu agama ditubuhkan yang terdahulunya. Sekularisme juga mempunyai pelbagai samaran yang dapat terserempak dengan sesetengah peringkat agama rasmi. Oleh itu, dalam Dunia Komonwel, ketua negara diperlukan mengambil Coronation Oath[5] mengangkat sumpah kepada uphold the Protestant faith. United Kingdom juga mengekalkan posisi dalam dewan pertuanannya dengan 26 ketua paderi dari Gereja England yang telah ditubuhkan sebagai Tuan Rohaniah (peer rohaniah).[6] Sementara Scotland adalah sebahagian dari United Kingdom Parlimen Scotland mendakwakan Scotland sebuah negara sekular tetapi mengekalkan raja beragama.[7] Perkembangan terbalik dapat juga timbul, sebuah negara dapat pergi dari menjadi sekular ke sebuah negara beragama seperti dalam hal Iran di mana negara disekularkan dinasti Pahlavi telah digantikan oleh Republik Islam (senarai di bawah). Selama 250 lebih tahun, telah ada arah aliran terhadap sekularisme.[8][9][10]

Negara sekular dan kebebasan agama

Templat:POV-section

Ia bukan hanya negara-negara komunis atau bekas komunis yang melibatkan dalam penindasan sekular agama.[11] Turki, sebuah negara sekular yang bertujuan untuk meyakinkan kebebasan kesedaran, secara agresif mengalakkan sekularisme, menggemarkan pandangan sekular terhadap agama dan mengawal semua aspek amalan agama.[12] Mexico, juga sebuah negara sekular, telah, terutamanya sejaknya sejarah tekanan antikepaderian Perlembagaan 1917.[12] Gereja-gereja tidak dapat melibatkan dalam amal ibadat di luar sebuah bangunan gereja, memiliki harta milik, menyaman atau melindungi dirinya dalam guaman, atau melibat dalam pendidikan; urutan keagamaan dlarang, para paderi serba kekurangan tuturan politik dan hak mengundi.[12] Banyak dari sekatan ini dialihkan, tetapi banyak masih ada, termasuk had pada hak kebebasan tuturan.[12]

With regard to oppression by secular states, scholars have distinguished between what are sometimes called "friendly" and "hostile" separations of church and state.[13] The friendly type limits the interference of the church in matters of the state but also limits the interference of the state in church matters.[14] The hostile variety, by contrast, seeks to confine religion purely to the home or church and limits religious education, religious rites of passage and public displays of faith.[15]

The hostile model of militant secularism arose with the French Revolution and is typified in the Mexican Revolution and the Spanish Constitution of 1931.[15][16] The hostile model exhibited during these events can be seen as approaching the type of political religion seen in totalitarian states.[15]

The French separation of 1905 and the Spanish separation of 1931 have been characterized as the two most hostile of the twentieth century, although the current schemes in those countries are considered generally friendly.[17] France's President Nicolas Sarkozy, however, still considers the current scheme a "negative laicite" and wants to develop a "positive laicite" more open to religion.[18] The hostilities of the state toward religion have been seen as a cause of civil war in Spain[19] and Mexico.

Senarai negara sekular mengikut benua

  Negara sekuler
  Negara dengan agama rasmi
  Tidak diketahui atau tidak mempunyai data

Afrika

Benua Amerika

Asia

Eropah

Oceania

Bekas negara sekular

Negara Tidak Diketahui

  •  Australia - Australia is only notionally secular by way of Section 116 of its Constitution. In practice Australian governments fund both religious schools as well as Christian "chaplains" in State schools. Religious education is compulsory in most Australian State schools.The Federal Parliament of Australia opens with Christian prayers. Australia has been referred to as a "soft theocracy" by some.[88]

Lihat juga

Catatan

Templat:Ibid

  1. ^ Madeley, John T. S. and Zsolt Enyedi, Church and state in contemporary Europe: the chimera of neutrality, p. , 2003 Routledge
  2. ^ Jean Baubérot The secular principle[pautan mati]
  3. ^ Richard Teese, Private Schools in France: Evolution of a System, Comparative Education Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (May, 1986), pp. 247-259 (Inggeris)
  4. ^ Haj subsidy has Air India fuming
  5. ^ Coronation Oath[pautan mati]
  6. ^ Different types of Lords
  7. ^ [1]
  8. ^ Harris Interactive News Room - Religious views and beliefs vary greatly by country, according to the latest Financial Times/Harris poll
  9. ^ Summary of Findings: A Portrait of "Generation Next"
  10. ^ Secularization and Secularism - History and nature of secularization and secularism till 1914
  11. ^ Marshall, Paul A. Religious freedom in the world, p. 16, 2007 Rowman & Littlefield
  12. ^ a b c d Marshall, Paul A. Religious freedom in the world, p. 14, 2007 Rowman & Littlefield
  13. ^ Maier, Hans and Jodi Bruhn Totalitarianism and Political Religions, pp. 109 2004 Routledge
  14. ^ Op. cit.Maier & Bruhn 2004, halaman 110
  15. ^ a b c Op. cit.Maier & Bruhn 2004, halaman 111
  16. ^ Martinez-Torron, Javier Freedom of religion in the case law of the Spanish Constitutional court, p. 2, Brigham Young University Law Review 2001
  17. ^ Stepan, Alfred, Arguing Comparative Politics, p. 221, Oxford University Press
  18. ^ Beita, Peter B. French President's religious mixing riles critics Christianity Today, Jan. 23, 2008
  19. ^ Payne, Stanley G. , A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 25: The Second Spanish Republic , p. 632, (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (Library of Iberian Resources Online. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
  20. ^ Article 8 of Constitution
  21. ^ Article 2 of Constitution
  22. ^ Botswana - International Religious Freedom Report 2007
  23. ^ Leaders say Botswana is a secular state
  24. ^ Article 31 of Constitution[pautan mati]
  25. ^ Article 1 of Constitution
  26. ^ Preamble of Constitution
  27. ^ Article 48 of Constitution
  28. ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
  29. ^ Article 1 of Constitution
  30. ^ Article 1 of Constitution
  31. ^ Article 11 of Constitution
  32. ^ Article 2 of Constitution[pautan mati]
  33. ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
  34. ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
  35. ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
  36. ^ Article 14 of Constitution
  37. ^ Preamble of Constitution[pautan mati]
  38. ^ Articles 10, 14, 19 and 21 of Constitution
  39. ^ Senegal - International Religious Freedom Report 2007
  40. ^ Appendix 1: Draft Constitution for the Republic of Somalia[pautan mati]
  41. ^ South Africa - International Religious Freedom Report 2007
  42. ^ Article 19 of Constitution
  43. ^ Section Two of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
  44. ^ Article 8 of Constitution
  45. ^ Article 77 of the Constitution
  46. ^ Summary Honduras Constitutions (English)
  47. ^ Article 130 of Constitution
  48. ^ Article II of Constitution Sección 3
  49. ^ Amendment I of the Constitution
  50. ^ Article 36 of Constitution
  51. ^ Section 45 of Constitution
  52. ^ Preamble of Constitution
  53. ^ Article 20 of Constitution
  54. ^ Article 1 of Constitution[pautan mati]
  55. ^ Article 20 of Constitution
  56. ^ Article 1 of Constitution
  57. ^ The Malaysian Bar PRESS STATEMENT: Malaysia a secular State
  58. ^ Religious Intelligence - News - Nepal moves to become a secular republic[pautan mati]
  59. ^ Article 2, Section 6 of Constitution[pautan mati]
  60. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009 Student & Home Electronic Edition
  61. ^ The Constitution of Sri Lanka: Chapter III - Fundamental Rights
  62. ^ Section 38 of Constitution
  63. ^ Статья 11[pautan mati]
  64. ^ Article 11 of the Constitution
  65. ^ Article 70 of Constitution
  66. ^ [2]
  67. ^ Article 7.1 of Constitution
  68. ^ Articles 7 and 14 of Constitution
  69. ^ Article 7 of Constitution
  70. ^ Article 20 of Constitution
  71. ^ [3]
  72. ^ Article 13(2) of Constitution
  73. ^ Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms
  74. ^ Article 40 of Constitution
  75. ^ Article 2 of Constitution
  76. ^ Article 140 of Constitution[pautan mati]
  77. ^ Article 60 of Constitution
  78. ^ Article 44.2.2º of Constitution
  79. ^ Article 99 of Constitution
  80. ^ Article 29 of the Constitution, Article 9(1) of Law 489/2006 on Religious Freedom
  81. ^ Article 14 of Constitution
  82. ^ Article 11 of the Constitution
  83. ^ Article 1 of Constitution
  84. ^ The Swedish head of state must according to the Swedish Act of Succession adhere to the Augsburg Confession
  85. ^ Article 2 of Constitution
  86. ^ Section 116 of Constitution
  87. ^ Section IV Article 2 of Constitution
  88. ^ The Purple Economy, Max Wallace ,2006
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