Senarai sistem undang-undang negara

Sistem undang-undang negara di dunia:

  Undang-undang Sivil

  Undang-undang Common

  Dua undang-undang (undang-undang sivil dan common)

  Undang-Undang Adat

  Undang-Undang Syariah

Terdapat tiga sistem undang-undang negara di dunia hari ini yang utama, terdiri daripada undang-undang sivil, undang-undang common dan undang-undang agama. Sungguhpun begitu, setiap negara (lihat undang-undang negeri) selalu membangunkan kepelbagaian pada setiap sistem atau menggabungkan banyak ciri-ciri lain ke dalam sistem tersebut.

Undang-undang Sivil

Rencana utama: Undang-undang Sivil (Sistem undang-undang)

Shamash (Tuhan matahari orang Babylonia) menyerahkan RajaHammurabi satu kod sistem undang-undang

Undang-undang Sivil adalah undang-undang yang paling banyak tersebar di merata dunia.

Kadangkala ia juga dikenali sebagai Undang-undang Eropah.

Satu senarai negara yang berdasarkan comprehensive list of countries that base their legal sistem undang-undang mereka yang berkait rapat pada satu pengekodan undang-undang Sivil yang berikut:

Negara	Ciri-ciri
Albania	The Civil Code of the Republik Albania, 1991 really[1]
Angola	Based on Portuguese civil law
Argentina	The Spanish legal tradition had a great influence on the Civil Code of Argentina, basically a work of the Argentine jurist Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield, who dedicated five years of his life on this task. The Civil Code came into effect on January 1, 1871. Beyond the influence of the Spanish legal tradition, the Argentinian Civil Code was also inspired by the Draft of the Brazilian Civil Code, the Draftof the Spanish Civil Code of 1851, the Napoleonic code and the Chilean Civil Code. The sources of this Civil Code also include various theoretical legal works, mainly of the great French jurists of the 19th century. It was the first Civil Law that consciously adopted as its cornerstone the distinction between i. rights from obligations and ii. real property rights, thus distancing itself from the French model. The Argentinian Civil Code was also in effect in Paraguay, as per a Paraguayan law of 1880, until the new Civil Code went in force in 1987. During the second half of the 20th century, the German legal theory became increasingly influential in Argentina.
Andorra	Courts apply the customary laws of Andorra, supplemented with Roman law and customary Catalan law.
Aruba	Based on Dutch civil law
Austria	The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB) of 1811
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium	The Napoleonic Code is still in use, although it is heavily modified (especially concerning family law)
Benin
Bolivia	Influenced by the Napoleonic Code
Bosnia dan Herzegovina	Influenced by Austrian law. The Swiss civil law (Zivilgesetzbuch) was a model for the Law on Obligations of 1978.
Brazil	Derived from the German and Roman civil law
Bulgaria	Civil Law system influenced by Germanic and Roman law systems
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Chad
Republik Rakyat China	civil law system; based on native customs and practices with Soviet and German influence
Republik Congo
Republik Demokratik Congo
Cote d'Ivoire
Cambodia
Cape Verde	Based on Portuguese civil law
Republik Afrika Tengah
Chile	The Spanish legal tradition exercised an especially great influence on the civil code of Chile. On its turn, the Chilean civil code influenced to a large degree the drafting of the civil codes of other Latin-American states. For instance, the codes ofEcuador (1861) and Colombia (1873) constituted faithful reproductions of the Chilean code, but for very few exceptions. The compiler of the Civil Code of Chile,venezuelan Andrés Bello, worked for its completion for almost 30 years, using elements, of the Spanish law on the one hand, and of other Western laws, especially of the French one, on the other. Indeed, it is noted that he consulted and used all of the codes that had been issued till then, starting from the era of Justinian. The Civil Code came into effect on January 1, 1857. Its technique is regarded as perfect; it is distinguished for the clarity, logic and cohesiveness of its provisions. As mentioned by Arminjon, Nolde, and Wolff ('Traite de droit comparé', Paris, 1950-1952) Andrés Bello may be regarded as one of the great legislators of mankind. The influence of the Napoleonic code is great; it is observed however that e.g. in many provisions of property law, the solutions of the French code civil were put aside in favor of pure Roman law.
Colombia	Civil code introduced in 1873. Nearly faithful reproduction of the Chilean civil code
Costa Rica	First Civil Code (a part of the General Code or Carrillo Code) came into effect in 1841; its text was inspired by the South Peruvian Civil Code of Marshal Andres de Santa Cruz. The present Civil Code is into effect since January 1, 1888, and reveals the influenced by theNapoleonic Code and the Spanish Civil Code of 1889 (from its 1851 draft version).
Croatia	Influenced by Austrian and Hungarian law. The Law on Obligations of 2005.
Cuba	Influenced by Spanish and American law with large elements of Communist legal theory.
Republik Czech	Descended from Austro-Hungarian Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, influenced by German (minor influence) and Soviet (major influence) legal codes during occupation periods, substantially reformed after the Velvet Revolution of 1989.
Denmark	Scandinavian-German civil law
Republik Dominica	Based by the Napoleonic Code
Ecuador	Civil code introduced in 1861. Nearly faithful reproduction of the Chilean civil code
El Salvador
Estonia
Finland	civil law system based on Swedish law
Perancis	Based on the Napoleonic code (code civil of 1804)
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Guinea	based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree
Guinea-Bissau
Georgia
Jerman	The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch of 1900 ("BGB"). The BGB is influenced both by Roman and German law traditions.
Greece	The Greek civil code of 1946, highly influenced by the German civil code of 1900 (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch); the Greek civil code replaced the Byzantine-Roman civil law in effect in Greece since its independence (Νομική Διάταξη της Ανατολικής Χέρσου Ελλάδος, Legal Provision of Eastern Mainland Greece, November 1821: 'Οι Κοινωνικοί Νόμοι των Αειμνήστων Χριστιανών Αυτοκρατόρων της Ελλάδος μόνοι ισχύουσι κατά το παρόν εις την Ανατολικήν Χέρσον Ελλάδα', 'The Social [i.e. Civil] Laws of the Dear Departed Christian Emperors of Greece [referring to the Byzantine Emperors] alone are in effect at present in Eastern Mainland Greece')
Guatemala	Guatemala has had three Civil Codes: the first one from 1877, a new one introduced in 1933, and the one currently in force, which was passed in 1963. This Civil Code has suffered some reforms throughout the years, as well as a few derogations relating to areas which have subsequently been regulated by newer laws, such as the Code of Commerce and the Law of the National Registry of Persons. In general, it follows the tradition of the roman-French system of civil codification. Regarding the theory of 'sources of law' in the Guatemalan legal system, the 'Ley del Organismo Judicial' recognizes 'the law' as the main legal source (in the sense of legislative texts), although it also establishes 'jurisprudence' as a complementary source. Although jurisprudence technically refers to judicial decisions in general, in practice it tends to be confused and identified with the concept of 'legal doctrine', which is a qualified series of identical resolutions in similar cases pronounced by higher courts (the Constitutional Court acting as a 'Tribunal de Amparo', and the Supreme Court acting as a 'Tribunal de Casación') whose theses become binding for lower courts.
Haiti	Influenced by the Napoleonic Code
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland	Based on Germanic traditional laws and influenced by Medieval Norwegian and Danish laws.
Itali	Based on codified Roman law, with elements of the Napoleonic civil code; civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865
Jepun	Modeled after European (primarily German) civil law system. Japanese civil code of 1895.
Latvia	Largely influenced by Germany, medium influences from Russian and Soviet law.
Lubnan	Modeled after French civil law
Lithuania	Modeled after Dutch civil law
Luxembourg	Influenced by the Napoleonic Code
Macau	Based on the Portuguese strand of the continental tradition, itself much influenced by Germany; also influenced by the law of the PRC
Mexico	"The origins of Mexico's legal system are both ancient and classical, based on the Greek, Roman and French legal systems, and the Mexican system shares more in common with other legal systems throughout the world (especially those in Latin America and most of continental Europe)..." From: http://www.mexonline.com/lawreview.htm Jaime B. Berger Stender Attorney at Law author, Tijuana, B.C., Mexico
Mongolia	Civil Code of 2002 based on German BGB
Montenegro	First: the General Property Code for the Principality of Montenegro of 1888, written byValtazar Bogišić. Present: the Law on Obligations of 2008.
Belanda	Influenced by the Napoleonic Code
Norway	Scandinavian-German civil law. King Magnus VI the Lawmender unified the regional laws into a single code of law for the whole kingdom in 1274. This was replaced byChristian V's Norwegian Code of 1687.
Panama
Paraguay	The Paraguayan Civil Code in force since 1987 is largely influenced by the Napoleonic Code and the Argentinian Code
Peru	Based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
Poland	The Polish Civil Code in force since 1965
Portugal	Influenced by the Napoleonic Code and later by the German Civil Law
Republik China (Taiwan)	Codification derived from German BGB.
Romania	Based on the Napoleonic Code
Russia	Civil Law system descendant from Roman Law through Byzantine tradition. Heavily influenced by German and Dutch norms in 1700-1800's. Socialist-style modification in 1900's, and Continental European Law influences since 1990's.
São Tomé e Príncipe	Based on Portuguese civil law
Serbia	First: the Civil Code of Principality of Serbia of 1844, written by Jovan Hadžić, was influenced by the Austrian Civil Code (Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch). Present: The Swiss civil law (Zivilgesetzbuch) was a model for the Law on Obligations of 1978.
Slovakia	Descended from Austro-Hungarian law, influenced by German (minor influence prior to 1945) and Soviet (major influence after World War II) law, reformed after the Velvet Revolutionof 1989.
Slovenia	A Civil Law system influenced mostly by Germanic and Austro-Hungarian law systems
Sepanyol	Influenced by the Napoleonic Code, it also has some elements of Spain's legal tradition, starting with the Siete Partidas, a major legislative achievement from the Middle Ages. That body of law remained more or less unchanged until the 19th century, when the first civil codes were drafted, merging both the Napoleonic style with the Castilian tradions.
Sweden	Scandinavian-German civil law. Like all Scandinavian legal systems, it is distinguished by its traditional character and for the fact that it did not adopt elements of Roman law. It is indeed worth mentioning that it assimilated very few elements of foreign laws whatsoever. It is also interesting that the Napoleonic Code had no influence in codification of law in Scandinavia. The historical basis of the law of Sweden, just as for all Nordic countries, is Old German law. Codification of the law started in Sweden during the 18th century, preceding the codifications of most other European countries. However, neither Sweden, nor any other Nordic state created a civil code of the kind of the Code Civil or the BGB.
Switzerland	The Zivilgesetzbuch of 1908 and 1912 (obligations; fifth book)
Turki	Modeled after the Swiss civil law (Zivilgesetzbuch) of 1907; this has been a conscious choice of Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the modern Turkish state, in order to abolish the Islamic law (Sharia), aiming at westernizing the country
Ukraine	Civil Code of Ukraine of 2004
Uruguay
Uzbekistan	Represents an evolution of Soviet civil law. Overwhelmingly strong impact of the Communist legal theory is traceable.
Vietnam	Communist legal theory and French civil law

Undang-undang Common

Rencana utama: Common law

King John of England signsMagna Carta

Common law and equity are systems of law whose sources are the decisions in cases by judges.

Negara	Ciri-ciri
American Samoa
Antigua dan Barbuda	based on English common law
Australia	based on English common law
Bahamas	based on English common law
Barbados	based on English common law
Belize	based on English common law
Bhutan
British Virgin Islands	based on English common law
Canada	based on English common law, except in Quebec, where a civil law system based on French law prevails in property and private matters
Dominica	based on English common law
England dan Wales (UK)	primarily common law, with early Roman and some modern continental influences
Fiji	based on English common law
Gibraltar	based on English common law
Ghana
Myanmar	based on English common law
Grenada	based on English common law
Hong Kong	principally based on English common law
India	based on English common law (except Goa which follows a Civil Lawbased on Portuguese Civil Law)
Ireland	based on Irish law before 1922, which was itself based on English common law
Jamaica	based on English common law
Kiribati	based on English common law
Marshall Islands	based on U.S. Law
Nauru	based on English common law
New Zealand	based on English common law
Northern Ireland (UK)	based on Irish law before 1921, which was itself based on English common law
Palau	based on U.S. Law
Pakistan	based on English common law with some provisons of Islamic law
Saint Kitts and Nevis	based on English common law
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	based on English common law
Singapura	based on English common law
Tonga	based on English common law
Trinidad dan Tobago	based on English common law
Tuvalu	based on English common law
Uganda	based on English common law
Amerika Syarikat	Federal courts and 49 states use legal system originally based on English common law but which diverged greatly in 19th century with substantial indigenous innovations and borrowing of some civil law practices such as codification; State law in the U.S. state of Louisiana is based upon French and Spanish civil law (see below)

Undang-undang Agama

Rencana utama: Undang-undang agama

Religious law refers to the notion of a religious system or document being used as a legal source, though the methodology used varies. For example, the use of Jewish Halakha for public law has a static and unalterable quality, precluding amendment through legislative acts of government or development through judicial precedent; Christian Canon law is more similar to civil law in its use of civil codes; and IslamicSharia law (and Fiqh jurisprudence) is based on legal precedent and reasoning byanalogy (Qiyas), and is thus considered similar to common law.

Negara	Ciri-ciri
Afghanistan	Islamic law
Bangladesh	formerly based on English common law
The Gambia	English common law, Islamic law and customary law
Iran	Islamic law
Libya	Islamic law
Mauritania	mix of Islamic law and French Civil Codes, Islamic law largely applicable to family law.
Maghribi	mix of Islamic law and French Civil Codes, Islamic law largely applicable to family law.
Nigeria	Sharia
Oman	Sharia and tribal custom laws
Arab Saudi	Islamic law
Sudan	Based on Islamic law
Vatican City	Based on principles of Kanun Kod Undang- of Canon Law
Yaman	Islamic law

Sistem Pluralistik

Undang-undang Sivil dan undang-undang common

Negara	Ciri-ciri
Botswana	South African law (a mixed system) transferred uno acto through a proclamation of reception
Cameroon
Cyprus	Based on English common law (Cyprus was a British colony 1878-1960), with admixtures of French and Greek civil and public law, Italian civil law, Indian contract law, Greek Orthodox canon law, Muslim religious law, and Ottoman civil law.
Guyana
Israel	Originally (1948) based on English common law; in the process, influenced by German civil law—for instance, between 1962 and 1981, the Knesset issued twenty (20) wide-ranging laws, which were clearly influenced by civil law, and were in the form of codes. Religious law plays a role, especially in matters of personal status and family law, and judicial and legislative decisions take into account Jewish law (halakhah) on occasion.
Lesotho	South African law (a mixed system) transferred uno acto through a proclamation of reception
Louisiana (U.S.)	Based on French and Spanish civil law, but federal laws (based on common law) are in effect in Louisiana as well.
Malta	Initially based on Roman Law and eventually progressed to the Code de Rohan, Code Napoleon with influences from Italian Civil Law. English common law however is also a source of Maltese Law, most notably in Public Law
Mauritius
Namibia	South African law (a mixed system) transferred uno acto through a proclamation of reception
Filipina	Based on Spanish law; influenced by U.S. common law after 1898 Spanish and Philippine-American Wars, personal law based on sharia law applies toMuslims
Puerto Rico (U.S.)	Based on Spanish law; influenced by U.S. common law after 1898 (victory of the U.S. over Spain in the Spanish-American war of 1898 and cession of Puerto Rico to the U.S.)
Quebec (Canada)	After the defeat of the French in the battle at the Plains of Abraham, theBritish allowed them to keep their language (French), their religion (Roman Catholicism), and their legal system (civil law). However, as Quebec is part of the Canadian Confederation, English-based laws applied at the federal level are in effect in Quebec also.
Saint Lucia
Scotland	based on Roman and continental law, with common law elements dating back to theHigh Middle Ages
Seychelles	The substantive civil law is based on the French Civil Code. Otherwise the criminal law and court procedure are based on the English common law. SeeSeychelles Legal Environment.
South Africa	An amalgam of English common law and Roman-Dutch civil law as well as Customary Law.
Sri Lanka	An amalgam of English common law, Roman-Dutch civil lawand Customary Law
Swaziland	South African law (a mixed system) transferred uno acto through a proclamation of reception
Thailand	The Thai legal system became an amalgam of German, Swiss, French, English, Japanese, Italian, and Indian laws and practices. Even today, Islamic laws and practices exist in four southern provinces. Over the years, Thai law has naturally taken on its own Thai identity].
Vanuatu
Zimbabwe	South African law (a mixed system) transferred uno acto through a proclamation of reception

Undang-undang sivil dan Undang-undang agama

Negara	Ciri-ciri
Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Comoros
Djibouti
Mesir	Based on Islamic law and French civil law system
Eritrea
Indonesia	Based on civil law of Holland and adat (cultural law of Indonesia)
Morocco	Based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system
Oman
Syria	Based on Islamic law and French civil law system
Jordan	Mainly based on French Civil Code and Ottoman Majalla, Islamic law applicable to family law.

Undang-undang common dan Undang-undang agama

Negara	Ciri-ciri
Bangladesh
Brunei
Gambia
India	based on English common law, separate personal law codes apply to Muslims,Christians, and Hindus except in Goa which follows Civil law based on Portuguese civil laws, but criminal penal law is uniform
Malaysia	berdasarkan undang-undang Inggeris, undang-undang perseorangan berdasarkan undang-undang syariah yang digunapakai kepada orang-orang Muslim
Nigeria	syariah yang digunapakai kepada beberapa buah negeri di utara
Pakistan	based on English Common Law, some Islamic Law applications in inheritance. Tribal Law in FATA
Qatar

Sistem-sistem mengikut geografi

Despite the usefulness of different classifications, every legal system has its own individual identity. Below are groups of legal systems, categorised by their geografi. Click the "show" buttons on the right for the lists of countries.

Lihat juga

• Undang-undang perbandingan
• Undang-undang Common
• Undang-undang Sivil (sistem undang-undang)
• Undang-undang Sosialis
• Undang-undang Soviet
• Tribal sovereignty
• Undang-undang Barat
• Anarki

Pautan luar

• World Legal Systems, Website of the Faculty of Law of the University of Ottawa
• Australian Institute of Comparative Legal Systems
• Factbook list of legal systems
• International & Foreign Law Community

Rujukan

• Moustaira Elina N., Comparative Law: University Courses (in Greek), Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers, Athens, 2004, ISBN 960-15-1267-5
• Moustaira Elina N., Milestones in the Course of Comparative Law: Thesis and Antithesis (in Greek), Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers, Athens, 2003, ISBN 960-15-1097-4