Abu Ali Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham: Perbezaan antara semakan

*Al-Haitham*
Al-Haitham
	Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen)
Kelahiran	1 Julai 965 CE(354 AH); Basra di Iraq sekarang, Buyid Farsi
Meninggal dunia	6 Mac 1040 (umur 74)(430 AH); Kaherah, Mesir, Khilafah Fatimiyyah
Terkenal kerana	Kitab Optik, Keraguan Tentang Ptolemy, Tentang Tatabentuk Dunia, The Model of the Motions, Treatis berkaitan Cahaya, Treatis berkaitan Tempat, kaedah saintifik, sains eksperimen, fizik eksperimen, psikologi eksperimen, persepsi penglihatan, geometri analitik, astronomi bukan Ptolemaic, celestial mechanics
	Kerjaya saintifik
Bidang	Ahli Fizik dan Ahli Matematik
Pengaruh	Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy
Dipengaruhi oleh	Averroes, Witelo, Roger Bacon, Kepler

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Semakan pada 11:38, 19 Julai 2012

Tokoh Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham (Arab: أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Parsi: ابن هیثم, Latin: Alhacen atau ^[5] Alhazen) (dilahirkan di Basra pada 965 Masihi – dan meninggal dunia pada 1040 Masihi di Kaherah). Beliau ialah seorang Muslim,^[6] ahli sains Muslim dan polymath yang banyak diterangkan dalam pelbagai sumber sama ada dalam bahasa Arab mahupun Parsi.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12], Beliau juga terkenal sebagai Bapa Optik Moden. Beliau merupakan pakar fizik yang terunggul melalui sumbangan terhadap kaedah optik dan saintifik. Abu Ali Hasan telah mendapat pendidikan di Basra dan Baghdad.

Ibn Al-Haitham membuat sumbangan besar dalam bidang [optik]], dan juga bidang-bidang fizik, ilmu falak, matematik, oftalmologi, falsafah, persepsi penglihatan, dan kaedah saintifik. Beliau juga menulis ulasan berwawasan terhadap karya-karya Aristotle, Ptolemy, dan ahli matematik purba Yunani, Euclid.^[13]

Beliau sering dikenali sebagai Ibn Al-Haitham, dan kadangkala sebagai Al-Basri (Arab: البصري), bersempena tempat kelahirannya di bandar Basra.^[14] Beliau juga dikenali dengan nama berian Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy Kedua")^[15] atau nama ringkas "Si Ahli Fizik"^[16] di Eropah Zaman Pertengahan.

Dilahirkan pada c. 965 M, di Basra, Iraq, beliau tinggal di Kaherah Mesir dan meninggal dunia di sana pada umur 74 tahun.^[15] Kerana terlalu meyakini kegunaan praktik ilmu matematiknya, beliau beranggapan bahawa beliau dapat mengawal banjir sungai Nil.^[17] Apabila diperintah oleh Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, khalifah keenam Kekhalifahan Fatimiyyah, supaya melakukannya, beliau dengan cepat menyedari bahawa tugas itu mustahil dilakukan, lantas bersara daripada bidang kejuruteraan. Oleh sebab takut nyawanya terancam, beliau berpura-pura gila^[1]^[18]. Akibatnya beliau dikenakan tahanan rumah. Pada waktu dan selepas itulah beliau menumpukan perhatian kepada usaha-usaha saintifik sehinggalah meninggal dunia.^[15]

Abu Ali Hasan juga merupakan manusia pertama yang memperincikan secara tepat pelbagai bahagian mata dan memberi penjelasan saintifik mengenai proses penglihatan. Abu Ali Hasan menyangkal teori penglihatan Ptolemy dan Euclid yang menyebut bahawa mata menghantar sinaran visual kepada objek yang dilihat. Menurut Ali Abu Hasan, sinaran berasal dalam objek yang dilihat dan bukan dalam mata.

Dalam bukunya Mizan al-Hikmah, Ali Abu Hasan membincangkan ketumpatan atmosfera dan menghasilkan hubungan antara atmosfera dan ketinggian.

Nota

^ ^a ^b ^c Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Britannica tidak disediakan
^ Charles M. Falco (November 27–29, 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Computerized Image Analysis (PDF), International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), dicapai pada 2010-01-30
^ Franz Rosenthal (1960–1961), "Al-Mubashshir ibn Fâtik. Prolegomena to an Abortive Edition", Oriens, Brill Publishers, 13: 132–158 [136–7], JSTOR 1580309
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan mathsong.com tidak disediakan
^ Lindberg, 1996.
^ http://www.amualumni.8m.com/Scientist3.htm
http://www.islamic-study.org/optics.htm
^ (Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992, p. 70)
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)
Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70.
^ Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497.
^ (Smith 1992)
(Grant 2008)
(Vernet 2008)
Paul Lagasse (2007), "Ibn al-Haytham", [[Columbia Encyclopedia]] (ed. Sixth), Columbia, ISBN 0-7876-5075-7, dicapai pada 2008-01-23 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
^ [1]
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)
^ Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497.
^ Review of Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Kirkus Reviews, December 1, 2006:
a devout, brilliant polymath
(Hamarneh 1972):
A great man and a universal genius, long neglected even by his own people.
(Bettany 1995):
Ibn ai-Haytham provides us with the historical personage of a versatile universal genius.
^ "The rainbow bridge: rainbows in art, myth, and science". Raymond L. Lee, Alistair B. Fraser (2001). Penn State Press. p.142. ISBN 0-271-01977-8
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan MacTutor tidak disediakan
^ ^a ^b ^c (Corbin 1993, p. 149)
^ (Lindberg 1967, p. 331)
^ (Sabra 2003)
^ (Grant 2008)

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Bacaan lanjut

Kepustakaan primer

Sabra, A. I., ed. (1983), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and LettersCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Sabra, A. I., ed. (2002), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV-V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols, Kuwait: The National Council for Culture, Arts and LettersCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Sabra, A. I., trans. (1989), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, London: The Warburg Institute, University of London, ISBN 0-85481-072-2, OCLC 165564751 165564771 180528350 180528355 180528359 21530166 230045836 24910015 59836570 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2001), ditulis pada Philadelphia, "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols.", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 91 (4–5), ISBN 0-87169-914-1, OCLC 47168716
Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2006), "Alhacen on the Principles of Reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Soc., 96 (2–3), ISBN 0-87169-962-1, OCLC 123464885 185359947 185359957 219328717 219328739 70078653 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)

Kepustakaan sekunder

Graham, Mark. How Islam Created the Modern World. Amana Publications, 2006.
Omar, Saleh Beshara (June 1975), Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology, PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Saliba, George (2007), Islamic Science and the Making of the European Reneissance, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19557-7
Belting, Hans, Afterthoughts on Alhazen’s Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [2]
Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, How One Sees, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [3]

Pautan luar

http://www.tutor.com.my/tutor/estidotmy/index.asp?y=2003&dt=0625&pub=ESTIDOTMY&sec=Saintis_Islam&pg=si_01.htm
Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007). "Ibn al‐Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥasan ibn al‐Ḥasan". Dalam Thomas Hockey; dll. (penyunting). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. m/s. 556–7. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Explicit use of et al. in: |editor= (bantuan) (PDF version)
Sabra, A. I. (2008) [1970–80]. "Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. External link in |= (bantuan)
Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes
The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham
Biography from Malaspina Global Portal
Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham
Multimedia artwork based on Alhazen's Problem
Report by the Telegraph of a modern day solution of Alhazen's problem
Biography from ioNET via the Wayback Machine
Biography from the BBC via the Wayback Machine
Biography from Trinity College (Connecticut)
Biography from Molecular Expressions
The First True Scientist from BBC News
Over the Moon From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by Alhazen in .jpg and .tiff format.
Richard Covington, Rediscovering Arabic Science, 2007, Saudi Aramco World

Templat:Link FA

[Britannica-1] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Britannica tidak disediakan

[2] Charles M. Falco (November 27–29, 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Computerized Image Analysis (PDF), International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), dicapai pada 2010-01-30

[3] Franz Rosenthal (1960–1961), "Al-Mubashshir ibn Fâtik. Prolegomena to an Abortive Edition", Oriens, Brill Publishers, 13: 132–158 [136–7], JSTOR 1580309

[mathsong.com-4] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan mathsong.com tidak disediakan

[5] Lindberg, 1996.

[6] ttp://www.amualumni.8m.com/Scientist3.htm
http://www.islamic-study.org/optics.htm

[7] (Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992, p. 70)
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)
Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70.

[8] Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497.

[9] (Smith 1992)
(Grant 2008)
(Vernet 2008)
Paul Lagasse (2007), "Ibn al-Haytham", [[Columbia Encyclopedia]] (ed. Sixth), Columbia, ISBN 0-7876-5075-7, dicapai pada 2008-01-23 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)

[10] [1]
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)

[11] Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497.

[12] Review of Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Kirkus Reviews, December 1, 2006:
a devout, brilliant polymath
(Hamarneh 1972):
A great man and a universal genius, long neglected even by his own people.
(Bettany 1995):
Ibn ai-Haytham provides us with the historical personage of a versatile universal genius.

[13] "The rainbow bridge: rainbows in art, myth, and science". Raymond L. Lee, Alistair B. Fraser (2001). Penn State Press. p.142. ISBN 0-271-01977-8

[MacTutor-14] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan MacTutor tidak disediakan

[Corbin149-15] (Corbin 1993, p. 149)

[16] (Lindberg 1967, p. 331)

[Sabra-17] (Sabra 2003)

[Encarta-18] (Grant 2008)

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@@ Baris 1,112: / Baris 1,112: @@
 {{Refend}}
-==Further reading==
+==Bacaan lanjut==
-===Primary literature===
+=== Kepustakaan primer ===
 *{{Citation
  |last=Sabra

Persondata
Nama	al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn
Nama alternatif	Alhacen; Alhazen; al-Basri
Pemerihalan ringkas	Scientist
Tarikh kelahiran	965
Tempat kelahiran	Basra, Islamic Empire
Tarikh kematian	c. 1040
Tempat kematian	Cairo, Egypt