Wiki

Perkataan wiki (disebut "weekee", /wiki/ in {SAMPA}) dan WikiWiki digunakan untuk mengenalpasti samada jenis kumpulan dokumen hiperteks atau aturcara kerjasama yang digunakan untuk menciptanya.

Wiki juga merupakan awalan nama dikalangan wanita Maori di New Zealand.

Ciri-ciri penting

Suatu web WikiWiki membolehkan dokumen dikarang secara kolektif dalam bahasa markup aturcara komputer mudah dengan menggunakan web browser. Oleh kerana kebanyakan wiki adalah berasaskan web, istilah "wiki" biasanya sudah memadai. Satu halaman di wiki dikenali sebagai "halaman wiki", manakala kandungan sepenuh halaman-halaman, biasanya luas terjalin, dipanggil "wiki".

"Wiki wiki" bermakna "laju" dalam bahasa Hawaii, dan ia adalah kepantasan mencipta dan mengemaskini laman yang menjadi asas teknologi wiki. Secara umumnya, tidak terdapat tapisan sebelum perubahan diterima, dan kebanyakan wiki adalah terbuka kepada umum atau sekurang-kurangnya kepada semua orang yang mempunyai capaian kepada pelayan wiki. Malah, pendaftaran akaun pengguna sering tidak diperlukan.

Halaman dan menyunting

In traditional wikis, every page has two representations: the form in which it is displayed (usually HTML which is rendered by a web browser) and the form in which it is edited (a simplified markup language, the style and syntax of which varies from wiki to wiki).

The reasoning behind this design is that HTML, with its large library of nested tags, is too complicated to allow fast-paced editing, and distracts from the actual content of the pages. It is also sometimes viewed as beneficial that users cannot use all the functionality that HTML allows, such as JavaScript and Cascading Style Sheets, because of the consistency in look and feel that is thereby enforced.

Wiki syntax (Wikipedia)	HTML	Rendered output
"''Doctor''? No other title? A ''scholar''? And he rates above the civil authority?" "Why, certainly," replied Hardin, amiably. "We're all scholars more or less. After all, we're not so much a world as a scientific foundation – under the direct control of the Emperor."	<P> "<I>Doctor</I>? No other title? A <I>scholar</I>? And he rates above the civil authority?" </P> <P> "Why, certainly," replied Hardin, amiably. "We're all scholars more or less. After all, we're not so much a world as a scientific foundation – under the direct control of the Emperor." </P>	"Doctor? No other title? A scholar? And he rates above the civil authority?" "Why, certainly," replied Hardin, amiably. "We're all scholars more or less. After all, we're not so much a world as a scientific foundation – under the direct control of the Emperor."

A wiki page has two representation forms, the wiki syntax used by the wiki engine and the HTML rendered from it and sent to the user's browser, which in turn uses it to render a formatted page.

Nevertheless, some recent wiki engines provide "WYSIWYG" editing, usually requiring some ActiveX control or plugin that translates graphically entered formatting instructions like "bold" and "italics" into HTML tags that are then transparently submitted to the server. In these cases, users who do not have the necessary plugin can only edit the page in its HTML source.

The formatting instructions allowed by a wiki vary considerably depending on the wiki engine that is used. Simple wikis only allow basic text formatting, whereas more complex ones have support for tables, images, formulas, or even interactive elements like polls and games. Because of that, there is now an effort trying to define a Wiki Markup Standard.

Linking and creating pages

Wikis are a true hypertext medium, with non-linear navigational structures. Each page typically contains a large number of links to other pages; hierarchical navigation pages often exist in larger wikis, but do not have to be used. Links are created using a specific syntax, the so-called "link pattern".

Originally most wikis used CamelCase as a link pattern, produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and removing the spaces between them (the word "CamelCase" is itself an example of CamelCase). While CamelCase makes linking very easy, it also leads to links which are written in a form that deviates from the standard spelling. CamelCase-based wikis are instantly recognizable from the large number of links with names such as "TableOfContents" and "BeginnerQuestions".

CamelCase has many critics, and it was the switch of the large Wikipedia wiki to so-called "free links", words that are put in [[double square brackets]], which encouraged wiki developers to look for alternative solutions. Various wiki engines use single brackets, curly brackets, underscores, slashes or other characters as a link pattern. Links across different wiki communities are possible using a special link pattern called InterWiki.

Creating a new page in a wiki is usually done strictly through the same process as linking to it: a link is created on a topically related page; if the link does not exist, it is in some way emphasized as a "broken" link. Following that link opens an editor window, which then allows the user to enter the text for the new page. This mechanism ensures that so-called "orphan" pages (which have no links pointing to them) are rarely created, and a generally high level of connectedness is retained.

Controlling content

Wikis generally follow a philosophy of making it easy to fix mistakes instead of making it hard to make them. Thus, while wikis are very open, they also provide various means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages.

The most prominent one on almost every wiki is the so-called "Recent changes" page. It is simply a list of either a specific number of recent edits or a list of all edits that have been made within a given timeframe. Some wikis allow filtering the list to exclude edits that have been marked "minor" or which were made by automatic importing scripts ("bots").

From the change log, two other functions are accessible in most wikis: the revision history, which shows previous versions of the page, and the diff feature, which can highlight the changes between two revisions. The revision history allows opening and saving a previous version of the page and thereby restoring the original content. The diff feature can be used to decide whether this is necessary or not: A regular user of the wiki can show the diff of a change listed on the "Recent changes" page and, if it is an unacceptable edit, load the history to restore a previous revision. This process is more or less streamlined, depending on the wiki software that is used.

diff-reports highlight the changes between two revisions of a page.

In case unacceptable edits are missed on the "Recent changes" page, some wikis provide additional control over content. Wikipedia was the first wiki to introduce "watchlists", a form of internal bookmarking that is used to generate a list of recent changes to a set of specific pages only. Wikipedia also allows highlighting links to pages which are below a given size, thereby making small pages, so-called "stubs", noticeable on all pages that link to them.

In extreme cases, many wikis allow protecting pages from being edited. Protected pages on Wikipedia, for example, can only be edited by so-called administrators, who can also revoke the protection. This is generally considered to violate the basic philosophy of WikiWiki and therefore avoided.

Controlling users

While most wikis shun mandatory registration procedures, virtually all large wiki engines provide some way to restrict users who consistently violate community rules. The most common form of doing so is by banning a user from editing, which can be accomplished by banning their particular IP address. Many Internet Service Providers assign a new IP address for each login, though, so that bans can often be circumvented relatively easily.

For small wikis, a common defense against a persistent "vandal" is to simply let them deface as many pages as they want to, and to then quickly revert the pages after the vandal has left. This tactic is often considered unacceptable in the context of larger communities, where more drastic and quick action is preferred. To deal with the problem of changing IP addresses, self-expiring bans are sometimes used and extended to all IP addresses in a particular range, thereby ensuring that the vandal cannot edit pages within a given timeframe, the underlying assumption being that this is often sufficient as a deterrent.

As an emergency measure, some wikis allow switching the database to read-only mode, or letting only users registered up to a cutoff date continue editing. Generally speaking, however, any damage that is done by a "vandal" can be reverted rather quickly. More problematic are subtle errors inserted into pages which go undetected.

Searching

Most wikis offer at least a title search, if not a full text search. The scalability of the search depends highly on whether the wiki engine uses a database or not; the indexed access of a database is necessary for high speed searches on large wikis. On Wikipedia, the so-called "Go button" allows readers to directly view a page that matches the entered search criteria as closely as possible. To search several wikis at once, the MetaWiki search engine has been created.

Wiki engines

Given the relative simplicity of the wiki concept, a large number of implementations exist, ranging from very simple "hacks" implementing only the very basic functionality to highly sophisticated content management systems. The majority of wiki engines are open source software, large projects like TWiki and the Wikipedia software are developed collaboratively. Many wikis are highly modular, providing APIs to allow programmers the development of new features without familiarity with the entire codebase.

It is hard to determine which wiki engines are the most popular, although the leading candidates would probably be the very simple to set up UseMod wiki, TWiki, MoinMoin and the Wikipedia software. See Wiki software for a list of wiki engines.

See also

Edit war

History

Wiki software originated in the design pattern community for writing pattern languages. The Portland Pattern Repository was the first wiki, established by Ward Cunningham in 1995 [1]. Cunningham invented and named the wiki concept, and produced the first implementation of a wiki engine. Some people maintain that only the original wiki should be called Wiki (upper case) or the WikiWikiWeb. Ward's Wiki remains one of the most popular Wiki sites.

In the final years of the 20th century, wikis were increasingly recognized as a promising technology to develop private and public knowledge bases, and it was this potential that inspired the founders of the Nupedia encyclopedia project, Jimbo Wales and Larry Sanger, to use wiki technology as a basis for an electronic encyclopedia: "Wikipedia" was launched in January 2001. It was originally based on the UseMod software, but later switched to its own open source codebase which has now been adopted by many other wikis.

Today, the English Wikipedia is by far the world's largest wiki, and the non-English Wikipedias fill many of the other places. The second largest wiki, however, is Susning.nu, a Swedish language knowledge base, running the UseMod software. The all-encompassing nature of Wikipedia has been a significant factor in its growth, while many other wikis are highly specialized. Some have also attributed Wikipedia's rapid growth to the decision not to use CamelCase.

Wiki bus tours

There are virtual guided "bus tours" taking visitors to various wiki sites. These consist simply of a page on each participating wiki called "TourBusStop", which gives the link to the next bus stop -- basically, a type of web ring. Each bus stop page gives some info about that wiki, and one can choose to explore that particular wiki (thus "getting off the bus"), or continue to the next wiki in the tour.

Wiki communities

By far the largest wiki is the English Wikipedia.

• Biggest wikis
• WorldWideWiki: SwitchWiki - Most complete index

See also Wiki communities by type and Wiki communities by topic.

• Asian Open Source Centre
• CapitanCook
• Cunnan
• DarwinWiki - Darwinism
• Disinfopedia - about propaganda
• EvoWiki - Evolution
• GreenCheese
• Green Light Wiki
• Grubstreet - the Open Community Guide to London [2]
• infoAnarchy wiki - Intellectual property, Anarchism, Politics
• Javapedia
• Know-how Wiki
• MeatballWiki
• OpenFacts
• Personal Telco
• This Might Be A Wiki

• WhyClublet
• Wikipedia - Encyclopaedia
• Wikiquote - Quote repository
• Wikitravel
• Wiktionary - Dictionary
• Ypsilanti Eyeball - Ypsilanti, Michigan's own user maintained wiki

See also Wikipedia:Sites using MediaWiki, PHP Wiki, Social software

Wiki-like systems

• EditMe
• Everything2
• Halfbakery
• Eksi Sozluk (Turkish)
• SnipSnap

External links

• "Tour bus stop" at MeatballWiki
• WikiWikiWeb (the first wiki)
• MeatBall:WikiCommunityList
• MeatBall:BiggestWiki

References

Aronsson, Lars (2002). Operation of a Large Scale, General Purpose Wiki Website: Experience from susning.nu's first nine months in service. Paper presented at the 6th International ICCC/IFIP Conference on Electronic Publishing, November 6 - 8, 2002, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. Available at: http://aronsson.se/wikipaper.html

Benkler, Yochai (2002). Coase's penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm. The Yale Law Jounal. v.112, n.3, pp.369-446.

Cunningham, Ward and Leuf, Bo (2001): The Wiki Way. Quick Collaboration on the Web. Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-71499-X.

Jansson, Kurt (2002): "Wikipedia. Die Freie Enzyklopädie." Lecture at the 19th Chaos Communications Congress (19C3), December 27, Berlin. Online description: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Kurt_Jansson/Vortrag_auf_dem_19C3

Möller, Erik (2003). Loud and clear: How Internet media can work. Presentation at Open Cultures conference, June 5 - 6, Vienna. Available at: http://opencultures.t0.or.at/oc/participants/moeller

Möller, Erik (2003). Tanz der Gehirne. Telepolis, May 9-30. Four parts: "Das Wiki-Prinzip", "Alle gegen Brockhaus", "Diderots Traumtagebuch", "Diesen Artikel bearbeiten". Summary and table of contents: http://www.heise.de/newsticker/data/fr-30.05.03-000/

Remy, Melanie (2002). Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Online Information Review. v.26, n.6, pp.434