Abu Ali Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham: Perbezaan antara semakan

*Al-Haitham*
Al-Haitham
	Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen)
Kelahiran	1 Julai 965 CE(354 AH); Basra di Iraq sekarang, Buyid Farsi
Meninggal dunia	6 Mac 1040 (umur 74)(430 AH); Kaherah, Mesir, Khilafah Fatimiyyah
Terkenal kerana	Kitab Optik, Keraguan Tentang Ptolemy, Tentang Tatabentuk Dunia, The Model of the Motions, Treatis berkaitan Cahaya, Treatis berkaitan Tempat, kaedah saintifik, sains eksperimen, fizik eksperimen, psikologi eksperimen, persepsi penglihatan, geometri analitik, astronomi bukan Ptolemaic, celestial mechanics
	Kerjaya saintifik
Bidang	Ahli Fizik dan Ahli Matematik
Pengaruh	Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy
Dipengaruhi oleh	Averroes, Witelo, Roger Bacon, Kepler

Layar sejarah secara interaktif

← Suntingan sebelumnya Suntingan berikutnya →

Kandungan dihapus Kandungan ditambah

VisualWikiteks

Dalam baris

Semakan pada 20:38, 30 November 2012

Tokoh Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham
(Arab: أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Parsi: ابن هیثم, Latin: Alhacen atau ^[5] Alhazen) (dilahirkan di Basra pada 965 Masihi – dan meninggal dunia pada 1040 Masihi di Kaherah). Beliau ialah seorang Muslim,^[6] ahli sains Muslim dan polymath yang banyak diterangkan dalam pelbagai sumber sama ada dalam bahasa Arab mahupun Parsi.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12], Beliau juga terkenal sebagai Bapa Optik Moden. Beliau merupakan pakar fizik yang terunggul melalui sumbangan terhadap kaedah optik dan saintifik. Abu Ali Hasan telah mendapat pendidikan di Basra dan Baghdad.

Ibn al-Haitham membuat sumbangan besar dalam bidang [optik]], dan juga bidang-bidang fizik, ilmu falak, matematik, oftalmologi, falsafah, persepsi penglihatan, dan kaedah saintifik. Beliau juga menulis ulasan berwawasan terhadap karya-karya Aristotle, Ptolemy, dan ahli matematik purba Yunani, Euclid.^[13]

Beliau sering dikenali sebagai Ibn al-Haitham, dan kadangkala sebagai al-Basri (Arab: البصري), bersempena tempat kelahirannya di bandar Basra.^[14] Beliau juga dikenali dengan nama berian Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy Kedua")^[15] atau nama ringkas "Si Ahli Fizik"^[16] di Eropah Zaman Pertengahan.

Dilahirkan di Basra, Iraq, beliau tinggal di Kaherah Mesir dan meninggal dunia di sana pada umur 74 tahun.^[15] Kerana terlalu meyakini kegunaan praktik ilmu matematiknya, beliau beranggapan dapat mengawal banjir sungai Nil.^[17] Apabila diperintah berbuat demikian oleh Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, khalifah keenam Kekhalifahan Fatimiyyah, beliau dengan cepat menyedari bahawa tugas itu mustahil dilakukan, lantas bersara daripada bidang kejuruteraan. Oleh sebab takut nyawanya terancam, beliau berpura-pura gila^[1]^[18]. Akibatnya beliau dikenakan penahanan dalam rumah. Pada waktu dan selepas itulah beliau menumpukan perhatian kepada usaha-usaha saintifik sehinggalah meninggal dunia.^[15]

Abu Ali Hasan juga merupakan manusia pertama yang memperincikan secara tepat pelbagai bahagian mata dan memberi penjelasan saintifik mengenai proses penglihatan. Abu Ali Hasan menyangkal teori penglihatan Ptolemy dan Euclid yang menyebut bahawa mata menghantar sinaran visual kepada objek yang dilihat. Menurut Ali Abu Hasan, sinaran berasal dalam objek yang dilihat dan bukan dalam mata.

Dalam bukunya Mizan al-Hikmah, Ali Abu Hasan membincangkan ketumpatan atmosfera dan menghasilkan hubungan antara atmosfera dan ketinggian.

Biografi

Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham dilahirkan di Basra, Iraq yang pada masa itu merupakan sebuah wilayah Empayar Buyah.^[1] Tidak dapat dipastikan sama ada beliau berketurunan Arab atau Parsi.^[19]^[20] Berkemungkinan besar beliau meninggal dunia di Kaherah, Mesir. Beliau dididik di Basra (sewaktu Zaman Kegemilangan Islam, Basra merupakan "kunci kepada permulaan pedidikan"),^[21] dan di Baghdad, ibu negeri Kekhalifahan Abbasiyyah, yang juga menjadi pusat "kemuncak tamadun Islam".^[21] Sewaktu di Iran Buyah, beliau bertugas sebagai pegawai awam dan membaca banyak karya-karya teologi dan sains.^[14]^[22]

Satu kisah kerjayanya menceritakan yang beliau dipanggil ke Mesir oleh pemerintah Kekhalifahan Fatimiyyah, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, untuk mengawal pembanjiran sungai Nil, suatu usaha yang memerlukan pembinaan empangan di tempat terbinanya Empangan Aswan sekarang.^[23] Selepas kerja luar menyedarkan beliau akan kemustahilan rancangannya,^[15] dan takut akan kemarahan khalifah, beliau pura-pura gila. Ibn al-Haitham dikenakan hukuman penahanan dalam rumah dari tahun 1011 M sehinggalah kematian Khalifah al-Hakim dalam tahun 1021.^[24] Dalam waktu penahanan itu, beliau menghasilkan sebuah kitab yang amat berpengaruh, Kitab Optik. Selepas dibebaskan daripada tahanan, beliau menerbit banyak lagi treatis berkaitan fizik ilmu falak dan matematik. Beliau kemudiannya pergi ke Al-Andalus. Dalam waktu ini, beliau terus menerus menjalankan pengajian saintifik termasuk kajian tentang optik, matematik, fizik, perubatan, dan pengembangan kaedah saintifik moden yang berlandaskan ujikaji.

Beberapa periwayat hidup mengatakan Ibn al-Haitham lari ke Syria, kemudian pergi ke Baghdad pada usia tua, atau berada di Basra semasa beliau pura-pura gila. Walau apapun, beliau berada di Kaherah menjelang tahun 1038. Semasa beliau berada di Kaherah, beliau terhubung dengan Universiti Al-Azhar, disamping "Rumah Hikmah"" bandar itu,^[25] yang dikenali sebagai Dar al-`Ilm (Rumah Ilmu), yang merupakan perpustakaan "terpenting" selepas Baitul Hikmah di Baghdad.^[14]

Legasi

Ibn al-Haitham membuat kemajuan besar dalam bidang optik, sains fizikal dan kaedah saintifik. Usaha Ibn al-Haitham berkaitan optik dianggap sebagai penyumbang kepada penitikberatan eksperimen dalam sains. Pengaruhnya terhadap sains am dan optik khususnya disanjung tinggi, dan sesungguhnya membuka tirai kepada era baharu dalam penyelidikan optik, sama ada dalam bentuk teori mahupun amali.^[26]

Nota

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d (Lorch 2008)
^ Charles M. Falco (November 27–29, 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Computerized Image Analysis (PDF), International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), dicapai pada 2010-01-30
^ Franz Rosenthal (1960–1961), "Al-Mubashshir ibn Fâtik. Prolegomena to an Abortive Edition", Oriens, Brill Publishers, 13: 132–158 [136–7], JSTOR 1580309
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan mathsong.com tidak disediakan
^ Lindberg, 1996.
^ http://www.amualumni.8m.com/Scientist3.htm
http://www.islamic-study.org/optics.htm
^ (Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992, p. 70)
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)
Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70.
^ Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497.
^ (Smith 1992)
(Grant 2008)
(Vernet 2008)
Paul Lagasse (2007), "Ibn al-Haytham", [[Columbia Encyclopedia]] (ed. Sixth), Columbia, ISBN 0-7876-5075-7, dicapai pada 2008-01-23 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
^ [1]
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)
^ Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497.
^ Review of Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Kirkus Reviews, December 1, 2006:
a devout, brilliant polymath
(Hamarneh 1972):
A great man and a universal genius, long neglected even by his own people.
(Bettany 1995):
Ibn ai-Haytham provides us with the historical personage of a versatile universal genius.
^ "The rainbow bridge: rainbows in art, myth, and science". Raymond L. Lee, Alistair B. Fraser (2001). Penn State Press. p.142. ISBN 0-271-01977-8
^ ^a ^b ^c (O'Connor & Robertson 1999)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d (Corbin 1993, p. 149)
^ (Lindberg 1967, p. 331)
^ (Sabra 2003)
^ (Grant 2008)
^ "UNESCO Natural Sciences Portal". Unesco.org. Dicapai pada 2012-05-27.
^ "Ibn al-Haytham and psychophysics". Perception. 37 (4): 636–8. 2008. doi:10.1068/p5940. PMID 18546671.
^ ^a ^b (Whitaker 2004)
^ Sajjadi, Sadegh, "Alhazen", Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Volume 1, Article No. 1917;
^ (Rashed 2002b)
^ "the Great Islamic Encyclopedia". Cgie.org.ir. Dicapai pada 2012-05-27.
^ (Van Sertima 1992, p. 382)
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Deek tidak disediakan

Rujukan

Aaen-Stockdale, C. R. (2008), "Ibn al-Haytham and psychophysics" (PDF), Perception, 37 (4): 636–638, doi:10.1068/p5940, PMID 18546671
Professor Abattouy, Mohammed (2002), "The Arabic Science of weights: A Report on an Ongoing Research Project", The Bulletin of the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, 4: 109–130
Abbott, David (December 1983), Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, I, Frederick Muller Ltd, ISBN 0-584-10854-0, OCLC 10505374
Agrawal, Amit; Taguchi, Yuichi; Ramalingam, Srikumar (2011), Beyond Alhazen's Problem: Analytical Projection Model for Non-Central Catadioptric Cameras with Quadric Mirrors, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Agrawal, Amit; Taguchi, Yuichi; Ramalingam, Srikumar (2010), Analytical Forward Projection for Axial Non-Central Dioptric and Catadioptric Cameras, European Conference on Computer Vision

Arjomand, Kamran (1997), "The emergence of scientific modernity in Iran: controversies surrounding astrology and modern astronomy in the mid-nineteenth century", Iranian Studies, 30 (1)
Bettany, Laurence (1995), "Ibn al-Haytham: an answer to multicultural science teaching?", Physics Education, 30: 247–252, Bibcode:1995PhyEd..30..247B, doi:10.1088/0031-9120/30/4/011
El-Bizri, Nader (2004), "La perception de la profondeur: Alhazen, Berkeley et Merleau-Ponty", Oriens-Occidens: sciences, mathématiques et philosophie de l’antiquité à l’âge classique (Cahiers du Centre d’Histoire des Sciences et des Philosophies Arabes et Médiévales), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 5: 171–184
El-Bizri, Nader (2005a), "A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen's Optics", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 15 (2): 189–218, doi:10.1017/S0957423905000172
El-Bizri, Nader (2005b), "Ibn al-Haytham", dalam Wallis, Faith (penyunting), Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia, New York & London: Routledge, m/s. 237–240, ISBN 0-415-96930-1, OCLC 218847614 58829023 61228669 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
El-Bizri, Nader (2006), "Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen", dalam Meri, Josef W. (penyunting), Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopaedia, II, New York & London: Routledge, m/s. 343–345, ISBN 0-415-96692-2, OCLC 224371638 59360024 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
El-Bizri, Nader (2007), "In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: Al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 17: 57–80, doi:10.1017/S0957423907000367
El-Bizri, Nader (2004), "Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur", Oriens-Occidens: sciences, mathématiques et philosophie de l’antiquité à l’âge classique (Cahiers du Centre d’Histoire des Sciences et des Philosophies Arabes et Médiévales), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 7: 201–226
Bouali, Hamid-Eddine; Zghal, Mourad; Lakhdar, Zohra Ben (2005), Popularisation of Optical Phenomena: Establishing the First Ibn Al-Haytham Workshop on Photography (PDF), The Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference, dicapai pada 2008-07-08
Burns, Robert (1999-08-08), "Some fear Iraq may be rebuilding its weapons of mass destruction", Topeka Capital-Journal, dicapai pada 2008-09-21
Child, John; Shuter, Paul; Taylor, David (1992), Understanding History, Heinemann, ISBN 0-435-31211-1, OCLC 27338645
Corbin, Henry (1993; original French 1964), History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard, London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies, ISBN 0-7103-0416-1, OCLC 22109949 221646817 22181827 225287258 Check |oclc= value (bantuan) Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
Crombie, A. C. (1971), Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100–1700, Clarendon Press, Oxford University
Dr. Al Deek, Mahmoud (2004), "Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and Medicine", Al Shindagah (November–December 2004)
Dessel, Norman F.; Nehrich, Richard B.; Glenn I., Voran (1973), Science and Human Destiny, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-016580-7, OCLC 409664
Duhem, Pierre (1908, 1969), To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical theory from Plato to Galileo, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, ISBN 0-226-16921-9, OCLC 12429405 Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
Eder, Michelle (2000), Views of Euclid's Parallel Postulate in Ancient Greece and in Medieval Islam, Rutgers University, dicapai pada 2008-01-23
Elliott, Robert Stratman (1966), Electromagnetics, New York: McGraw-Hill
Falco, Charles M. (12–15 February 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Modern Image Analysis (PDF), presented at a plenary session at the International Conference on Information Sciences, Signal Processing and its Applications, dicapai pada 2008-01-23 Unknown parameter |publication date= ignored (bantuan)
Faruqi, Yasmeen M. (2006), "Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise", International Education Journal, 7 (4): 391–396
Gondhalekar, Prabhakar M. (2001), The Grip of Gravity: The Quest to Understand the Laws of Motion and Gravitation, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-80316-0, OCLC 224074913 45418963 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Grant, Edward (1974), A source book in medieval science, Volume One, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press |volume= has extra text (bantuan)
Grant, Edward (2008), "Alhazen", [[Encarta]] Online Encyclopedia, Microsoft, dicapai pada 2008-09-16 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
Hamarneh, Sami (1972), "Review: Hakim Mohammed Said, Ibn al-Haitham", Isis, 63 (1): 118–119, doi:10.1086/350861
Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2007), Al-Jazari And the History of the Water Clock, dicapai pada 2008-01-23
Hatfield, Gary (1996), "Was the Scientific Revolution Really a Revolution in Science?", dalam Ragep, F. J.; Ragep, Sally P.; Livesey, Steven John (penyunting), Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09126-2, OCLC 19740432 234073624 234096934 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Heeffer, Albrecht (September 14–15, 2003), "Kepler's near discovery of the sine law: A qualitative computational model", Third International workshop: Computer models of scientific reasoning and applications (PDF), Buenos Aires: National Library of the Argentine Republic, dicapai pada 2008-01-23
Hershenson, Maurice (1989), The Moon Illusion, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0-8058-0121-9, OCLC 20091171 231045807 Check |oclc= value (bantuan), dicapai pada 2008-09-22
Highfield, Roger (1 April 1997), "Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks", The Daily Telegraph, 676, dicapai pada 2008-09-24
Hockney, David (2006), Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters, ISBN 0-14-200512-6 (New and Expanded Edition). 328 pages. index. list of illustrations. bibliography. 'textual evidence' section cites Alhazen 240, 242, 277, 279, 284. Entire book records Hockney's investigation of the camera obscura and his rediscovery of its use in portraiture.
Hodgson, Peter Edward (2006), Theology And Modern Physics, Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing (diterbitkan 2006-01-15), ISBN 978-0-7546-3622-9, OCLC 56876894, DDC: 201.653, LCC: BL265.P4 H63 2005
Howard, Ian P. (1996), "Alhazen's neglected discoveries of visual phenomena", Perception, 25 (10): 1203–1217, doi:10.1068/p251203, PMID 9027923
Howard, Ian P.; Wade, Nicholas J. (1996), "Ptolemy's contributions to the geometry of binocular vision", Perception, 25 (10): 1189–201, doi:10.1068/p251189, PMID 9027922
Katz, Victor J. (1995), "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India", Mathematics Magazine, 68 (3): 163–174, doi:10.2307/2691411
Katz, Victor J. (1998), History of Mathematics: An Introduction, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-01618-1, OCLC 38199387 60154481 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Kelley, David H.; Milone, E. F.; Aveni, A. F. (2005), Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy, Birkhäuser, ISBN 0-387-95310-8, OCLC 213887290
Khaleefa, Omar (1999), "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 16 (2)
Langerman, Y. Tzvi (1990), Ibn al Haytham's On the Configuration of the World
Lindberg, David C. (1967), "Alhazen's Theory of Vision and Its Reception in the West", Isis, 58 (3): 321–341, doi:10.1086/350266, PMID 4867472
Lindberg, David C. (1976), Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, ISBN 0-226-48234-0, OCLC 1676198 185636643 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Lindberg, David C. (1996), Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages, Clarendon Press
Lorch, Richard (2008), "Ibn al-Haytham", [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], dicapai pada 2008-08-06 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
MacKay, R. J.; Oldford, R. W. (August 2000), "Scientific Method, Statistical Method and the Speed of Light", Statistical Science, 15 (3): 254–78, doi:10.1214/ss/1009212817
Marshall, O. S. (1950), "Alhazen and the Telescope", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, 6: 4
Mihas, Pavlos (July 15–18, 2005), "Use of History in Developing ideas of refraction, lenses and rainbow", Eighth International History, Philosophy, Sociology & Science Teaching Conference (PDF), University of Leeds, dicapai pada 2008-01-23
Mohamed, Mohaini (2000), Great Muslim Mathematicians, Penerbit UTM, ISBN 983-52-0157-9, OCLC 48759017
Montada, Josep Puig (September 28, 2007), "Ibn Bajja", [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]], dicapai pada 2008-07-11 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 2, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12410-7, OCLC 34731151
Murphy, Dan (2003-10-17), "No more 'Saddams': Iraqis get new currency", The Christian Science Monitor, dicapai pada 2008-09-21
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2003), "The achievements of Ibn Sina in the field of science and his contributions to its philosophy", Islam & Science (December 2003)
O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 1999), Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, dicapai pada 2008-09-20
O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (August 2002), Light through the ages: Ancient Greece to Maxwell, dicapai pada 2008-09-20
Omar, Saleh Beshara (1977), Ibn al-Haytham's Optics: A Study of the Origins of Experimental Science, Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, ISBN 0-88297-015-1, OCLC 3328963
Pines, Shlomo (1986), Studies in Arabic Versions of Greek Texts and in Mediaeval Science, Brill Publishers, ISBN 965-223-626-8, OCLC 14217211 165468475 46823952 60041227 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Plott, C. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Period of Scholasticism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0551-8 Unknown parameter |ISBN status= ignored (bantuan)
Powers, Richard (April 18, 1999), "Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open", [[The New York Times]] (PDF), dicapai pada 2008-01-23 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
Qadir, Asghar (1989), Relativity: An Introduction to the Special Theory, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore
Qadir, C. A. (1990), Philosophy and Science in the lslamic World, London: Routledge
Rashed, Roshdi (2002a), "A Polymath in the 10th century", Science, 297 (5582): 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, ISSN 0036-8075, PMID 12161634 Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)
Rashed, Roshdi (2002-08-02), "PORTRAITS OF SCIENCE: A Polymath in the 10th Century", Science, Science magazine, 297 (5582): 773, doi:10.1126/science.1074591, ISSN 0036-8075, PMID 12161634, dicapai pada 2008-09-16 Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)
Rashed, Roshdi (2007), "The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al-Haytham", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 17: 7–55, doi:10.1017/S0957423907000355
Rosen, Edward (1 January 1985), "The Dissolution of the Solid Celestial Spheres", Journal of the History of Ideas, 46 (1): 13–31, doi:10.2307/2709773, ISSN 0022-5037
Rottman, J. (February 28, 2000), A first course in Abstract Algebra, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-011584-3, OCLC 42960682 59576116 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Rozenfeld, Boris A. (1988), A History of Non-Euclidean Geometry: Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space, Springer Science+Business Media, ISBN 0-387-96458-4, OCLC 15550634 230166667 230980046 77693662 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Rozenfeld, Boris Abramovich; Youschkevitch, Adolf P. (1996), "Geometry", dalam Rashed, Roshdi (penyunting), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 2, London & New York: Routledge, m/s. 447–494
Saad, Bashar; Azaizeh, Hassan; Said, Omar (October 2005), "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Oxford University Press, 2 (4): 475–479, doi:10.1093/ecam/neh133, PMC 1297506, PMID 16322804
Sabra, A. I. (1971), "The astronomical origin of Ibn al-Haytham's concept of experiment", Actes du XIIe congrès international d’histoire des sciences, Albert Blanchard, Paris, 3: 133–136. Reprinted in Sabra, A. I. (1994), Optics, Astronomy and Logic: Studies in Arabic Science and Philosophy, Collected Studies Series, 444, Variorum, Aldershot, ISBN 0-86078-435-5, OCLC 29847104 30739740 Check |oclc= value (bantuan).
Sabra, A. I. (1978a), "Ibn al-Haytham and the Visual Ray Hypothesis", dalam Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (penyunting), Ismaili Contributions to Islamic Culture, Boston: Shambhala Publications, m/s. 178–216, ISBN 0-87773-731-2 Unknown parameter |ISBN status= ignored (bantuan); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |unused_data= (bantuan)
Sabra, A. I. (1978b), "An Eleventh-Century Refutation of Ptolemy's Planetary Theory", dalam Hilfstein, Erna; Czartoryski, Paweł; Grande, Frank D. (penyunting), Science and History: Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen, Studia Copernicana, XVI, Ossolineum, Wrocław, m/s. 117–131
Sabra, A. I. (1981), Theories of Light from Descartes to Newton, Cambridge University Press
Sabra, A. I. (1998), "Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy", Perspectives on Science, 6 (3): 288–330
Sabra, A. I. (October–December 2003), "Ibn al-Haytham: Brief life of an Arab mathematician", [[Harvard Magazine]], dicapai pada 2008-01-23 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
Sabra, A. I.; Hogendijk, J. P. (2003), The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19482-1, OCLC 237875424 50252039 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Saliba, George (1994), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-8023-7, OCLC 35666761
Salih, H.; Al-Amri, M.; El Gomati, M. (2005), "The Miracle of Light", A World of Science, UNESCO, 3 (3)
Samuelson, James; Crookes, William, The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology
Sardar, Ziauddin (1998), "Science in Islamic philosophy", Islamic Philosophy, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, dicapai pada 2008-02-03
Sarton, George (1927), Introduction To The History of Science, Volume I: From Homer To Omar Khayyam, Baltimore, Maryland: Carnegie Institution for Science
Van Sertima, Ivan (2004), Golden Age Of The Moor, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-56000-581-5, OCLC 123168739 25416243 29837541 44748929 50901951 56571741 57559516 Check |oclc= value (bantuan) Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)
Smith, A. Mark (2001), Alhacen's theory of visual perception: a critical edition, with English translation and commentary, of the first three books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 91–4, 91–5, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society & DIANE Publishing, ISBN 978-0-87169-914-5, OCLC 163278528 163278565 185537919 47168716 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Smith, A. Mark (2005), "The Alhacenian Account Of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological Implications", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 15, doi:10.1017/S0957423905000184
Smith, John D. (1 March 1992), "The Remarkable Ibn al-Haytham", The Mathematical Gazette, Mathematical Association, 76 (475): 189–198, doi:10.2307/3620392, ISSN 0025-5572
Thiele, Rüdiger (2005), "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 15: 329–331, doi:10.1017/S0957423905000214
Toomer, G. J. (December 1964), "Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm", Isis, 55 (4): 463–465, doi:10.1086/349914
Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (1999), Takîyüddîn'in Optik Kitabi, Ankara: Ministry of Culture Press
Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (2007a), "Kamal Al-Din Al-Farisi's Explanation of the Rainbow" (PDF), Humanity & Social Sciences Journal, 2 (1): 75–85, dicapai pada 2008-09-16
Topdemir, Huseyin Gazi (July 18, 2007), Ibn al-Haytham (965-1039) His Life and WorksCS1 maint: date and year (link)
Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi (30 June 2008), Taqi al-Din ibn Ma‘ruf and the Science of Optics: The Nature of Light and the Mechanism of Vision, FSTC Limited, dicapai pada 2008-07-04
Verma, R. L. (August 1969), "Al-Hazen: father of modern optics", Al-Arabi, 8: 12–3, PMID 11634474
Vernet, J. (4 April 2008), "Ibn al- Hayt̲h̲am, Abū ʿalī al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan (or Ḥusayn) b. al-Hayt̲h̲am al-Baṣrī al-Miṣrī", dalam Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (penyunting), [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Brill Online: Brill Publishers, dicapai pada 2008-09-16 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
Wade, Nicholas J. (1998), A Natural History of Vision, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception, 30 (10): 1157–1177, doi:10.1068/p3210, PMID 11721819
Weisstein, Eric, Alhazen's Billiard Problem, Mathworld, dicapai pada 2008-09-24
Whitaker, Brian (2004-09-23), "Centuries in the House of Wisdom", The Guardian, dicapai pada 2008-09-16

Bacaan lanjut

Kepustakaan primer

Sabra, A. I., ed. (1983), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and LettersCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Sabra, A. I., ed. (2002), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV-V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols, Kuwait: The National Council for Culture, Arts and LettersCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Sabra, A. I., trans. (1989), The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, London: The Warburg Institute, University of London, ISBN 0-85481-072-2, OCLC 165564751 165564771 180528350 180528355 180528359 21530166 230045836 24910015 59836570 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)
Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2001), ditulis pada Philadelphia, "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols.", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 91 (4–5), ISBN 0-87169-914-1, OCLC 47168716
Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans. (2006), "Alhacen on the Principles of Reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manāzir, 2 vols", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Soc., 96 (2–3), ISBN 0-87169-962-1, OCLC 123464885 185359947 185359957 219328717 219328739 70078653 Check |oclc= value (bantuan)

Kepustakaan sekunder

Graham, Mark. How Islam Created the Modern World. Amana Publications, 2006.
Omar, Saleh Beshara (June 1975), Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology, PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations
Saliba, George (2007), Islamic Science and the Making of the European Reneissance, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19557-7
Belting, Hans, Afterthoughts on Alhazen’s Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [2]
Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, How One Sees, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [3]

Pautan luar

http://www.tutor.com.my/tutor/estidotmy/index.asp?y=2003&dt=0625&pub=ESTIDOTMY&sec=Saintis_Islam&pg=si_01.htm
Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007). "Ibn al‐Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥasan ibn al‐Ḥasan". Dalam Thomas Hockey; dll. (penyunting). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. m/s. 556–7. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Explicit use of et al. in: |editor= (bantuan) (PDF version)
Sabra, A. I. (2008) [1970–80]. "Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. External link in |= (bantuan)
Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes
The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham
Biography from Malaspina Global Portal
Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham
Multimedia artwork based on Alhazen's Problem
Report by the Telegraph of a modern day solution of Alhazen's problem
Biography from ioNET via the Wayback Machine
Biography from the BBC via the Wayback Machine
Biography from Trinity College (Connecticut)
Biography from Molecular Expressions
The First True Scientist from BBC News
Over the Moon From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by Alhazen in .jpg and .tiff format.
Richard Covington, Rediscovering Arabic Science, 2007, Saudi Aramco World

Templat:Link FA

[Britannica-1] (Lorch 2008)

[2] Charles M. Falco (November 27–29, 2007), Ibn al-Haytham and the Origins of Computerized Image Analysis (PDF), International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES), dicapai pada 2010-01-30

[3] Franz Rosenthal (1960–1961), "Al-Mubashshir ibn Fâtik. Prolegomena to an Abortive Edition", Oriens, Brill Publishers, 13: 132–158 [136–7], JSTOR 1580309

[mathsong.com-4] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan mathsong.com tidak disediakan

[5] Lindberg, 1996.

[6] ttp://www.amualumni.8m.com/Scientist3.htm
http://www.islamic-study.org/optics.htm

[7] (Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992, p. 70)
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)
Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70.

[8] Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497.

[9] (Smith 1992)
(Grant 2008)
(Vernet 2008)
Paul Lagasse (2007), "Ibn al-Haytham", [[Columbia Encyclopedia]] (ed. Sixth), Columbia, ISBN 0-7876-5075-7, dicapai pada 2008-01-23 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)

[10] [1]
(Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164)
(Samuelson Crookes, p. 497)

[11] Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164.
The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497.

[12] Review of Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Kirkus Reviews, December 1, 2006:
a devout, brilliant polymath
(Hamarneh 1972):
A great man and a universal genius, long neglected even by his own people.
(Bettany 1995):
Ibn ai-Haytham provides us with the historical personage of a versatile universal genius.

[13] "The rainbow bridge: rainbows in art, myth, and science". Raymond L. Lee, Alistair B. Fraser (2001). Penn State Press. p.142. ISBN 0-271-01977-8

[MacTutor-14] (O'Connor & Robertson 1999)

[Corbin149-15] (Corbin 1993, p. 149)

[16] (Lindberg 1967, p. 331)

[Sabra-17] (Sabra 2003)

[Encarta-18] (Grant 2008)

[19] "UNESCO Natural Sciences Portal". Unesco.org. Dicapai pada 2012-05-27.

[20] "Ibn al-Haytham and psychophysics". Perception. 37 (4): 636–8. 2008. doi:10.1068/p5940. PMID 18546671.

[Guardian-21] (Whitaker 2004)

[greatislamic-22] Sajjadi, Sadegh, "Alhazen", Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Volume 1, Article No. 1917;

[23] (Rashed 2002b)

[24] "the Great Islamic Encyclopedia". Cgie.org.ir. Dicapai pada 2012-05-27.

[25] (Van Sertima 1992, p. 382)

[Deek-26] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan Deek tidak disediakan

[1]

[2]

[3]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

@@ Baris 1,332: / Baris 1,332: @@
 [[uk:Ібн ал-Хайсам]]
 [[ur:ابن الہیثم]]
+[[war:Alhazen]]
 [[zh:海什木]]

Persondata
Nama	al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn
Nama alternatif	Alhacen; Alhazen; al-Basri
Pemerihalan ringkas	Scientist
Tarikh kelahiran	965
Tempat kelahiran	Basra, Islamic Empire
Tarikh kematian	c. 1040
Tempat kematian	Cairo, Egypt