Wikipedia:Memetik sumber

Setiap petikan atau maklumat yang mungkin dipersoalkan perlu mempunyai sumber petikan. Sekiranya dipersoalkan, dan tiada sumber dapat diberikan, maklumat tersebut boleh dikeluarkan dari rencana.

Petikan sumber memenuhi beberapa matlamat:

• Memastikan kandungan rencana boleh dipercayai dan boleh disahkan oleh semua pembaca dan penyelia.
• Untuk mempertingkatkan kebolehpercayaan umum dan ciri-ciri boleh dipercayai Wikipedia.
• Untuk membuktikan bahawa suntingan anda bukannya penyelidikan asal.
• Mengurangkan kemungkinannya timbul pertikaian sidang pengarang, atau menyelesaikan mana-mana pertikaian yang timbul.
• Untuk memberi penghargaan kepada sumber bagi memberikan maklumat berguna dan mengelakkan dakwaan plagiarism.
• Untuk memberikan lebih maklumat untuk rujukan lanjut.

Bila menyebut sumber

Wikipedia articles should not use other Wikipedia articles as sources. Wikilinks are not a substitute for sources.

Bila untuk menambahkan kandungan

If you add any information to an article, particularly if it's contentious or likely to be challenged, you should supply a source. If you don't know how to format the citation, others will fix it for you. Simply provide any information you can on the source.

In general, even if you are writing from memory, you should actively search for authoritative references to cite. If you are writing from your own knowledge, then you should know enough to identify good references that the reader can consult on the subject — you will not be around forever to answer questions. The main point is to help the reader and other editors.

The need for citations is especially important when writing about the opinions held on a particular issue. Avoid weasel words such as, "Some people say…" Instead, make your writing verifiable: find a specific person or group who holds that opinion, mention them by name, and give a citation to some place where they can be seen or heard expressing that opinion. Remember that Wikipedia is not a place for expressing your opinions or for original research.

Because this is the English Wikipedia, English-language sources should be given whenever possible, and should always be used in preference to foreign-language sources of equal calibre. However, do give foreign-language references where appropriate. If quoting from a foreign-language source, an English translation should be given with the original-language quote beside it. If quoting an English translation, the foreign language original must be given since mistakes may be made in translation meaning that the original should be used for verification.

Bila untuk mengesahkan kandungan

You can add sources even for material you didn't write if you use a source to verify that material. Adding citations to an article is an excellent way to contribute to Wikipedia. See Wikipedia:Forum for Encyclopedic Standards and Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check for organized efforts to do this.

Sewaktu terdapat pertikaian fakta

Disputed edits can be removed immediately, removed and placed on the talk page for discussion, or where the edit is harmless but you dispute it and feel a citation is appropriate, you can place {{citation needed}} after the relevant passage. This should be used sparingly; Wikipedia has a lot of undercited articles, and inserting many of instances of {{citation needed}} is unlikely to be beneficial.

Sewaktu tiada pertikaian fakta

Think ahead: Try to imagine whether people might doubt what you wrote or need more information. Supporting what is written in Wikipedia by referring to a clear and reliable source will add stability to your contribution.

Bagaimana menyebut sumber

For an easy-follow guide, see Wikipedia:Cite sources/example style

If you are the first to add references to an article, try to follow conventions generally accepted in the field of knowledge described in the article. Some of these might follow from formats proposed by WikiProjects.

If nothing in particular appears applicable, or if you don't know which style would work best:

• The examples given in Wikipedia:Cite sources/example style might be helpful.
• Consider using the templates provided by Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles#Citations of generic sources.

• Further assistance may be derived from WikiBib, a simple bibliography maker written in Javascript that has most of these templates built in.

The system of presenting references in a Wikipedia article may change over time; it is more important to have clarity and consistency in an article than to adhere to any particular system.

Sometimes — for example, when the article treats an uncontroversial or simple topic, and draws on a few, widely accepted general sources — it is sufficient to provide a "References" section at the end of the article, containing an alphabetized list of general references and authoritative overviews of a subject (such as textbooks and review articles). In other cases this is not enough, and in addition you should use in-line citations such as the Harvard references or footnotes described below.

Remember though: the most important thing is to enter comprehensive reference information — that is, enough information so that a reader can find the original source with relative ease.

There are several ways of accomplishing this.

• When writing a new article or adding references to an existing article that has none, follow the established practice for the appropriate profession or discipline that the article is concerning (if available and unquestioned).
• An article's previous content contributors usually know the established practice - if possible, follow their lead if the article already has references.
• If the established practice is unavailable or disputed, contributors should decide on a style that they believe strikes an appropriate balance between preserving the readability of the text and making citations as precise and accessible as possible.
• If contributors differ as to the appropriate style of citation, they should defer to the article's main content contributors in deciding the most suitable format for the presentation of references.
• If no agreement can be reached, the style used should be that of the first major contributor.

If you are unclear as to which system or style to use, remember: the most important thing is to provide all the information one would need to identify and find the source. If necessary, put this information in the talk page, or in a comment on the main page, and ask others how to format it correctly for that article.

Gaya untuk sebutan sumber

The following are different methods that you can use to insert references in Wikipedia articles.

The three most popular styles of in-text citations are Harvard style, footnotes, and embedded HTML links.

Note that no matter which inline-citation style is used, all the sources used in an article should be listed at the end in a references section.

Pautan HTML terbenam

The MediaWiki software supports embedding HTML links directly into an article by enclosing a URL with single square brackets — [http://www.google.com] — which appears like this: [1] A full citation must then be given in the References section like this:

*[http://google.com Google's website], which appears as:

• Google's website

A newspaper article referenced in an article by using an embedded link might be — [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html] — which looks like this. [2] The embedded link is placed after the period, or when placed within a sentence after a clause, then after the comma.

Then in the References section, a full citation is provided:

*[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying"] by John Plunkett, The Guardian, October 27, 2005, retrieved October 27, 2005

which appears as:

• "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying" by John Plunkett, The Guardian, October 27, 2005, retrieved October 27, 2005

It is particularly important in the case of online newspaper articles to include byline, headline, newspaper, and date of publication, because many newspapers keep stories online only for a certain period before transferring them to the archives. With a full citation, readers will be able to find the article easily even if the link doesn't work.

It's also important to provide and place in quotation marks the headline of the article, or title if it's a scholarly paper, so that Wikipedia is attributing a description of the article's contents to a source, and not describing it ourselves. For example, it isn't Wikipedia's claim that Sorrell is accusing Murdoch of panic buying, but the Guardian's, and we should precisely quote the Guardian's headline, and not replace it with "A story about Murdoch's panic buying".

An advantage of these embedded links is that it is easy for an online reader and other editors to click on the link and jump immediately to the cited article (if still working). In principle, this makes checking sources very easy. Another advantage of these embedded links is that they are easy to create and maintain.

There are disadvantages with such embedded links, however. First, there is question of how much such checking and maintenance takes place: anyone who takes a random sample of these will find dead embedded links. Also, such links do not normally provide all the information that a traditional citation would have; thus, if the material moves or is dramatically changed, it can be difficult to rediscover the cited material, which is why it is particularly important to include a full citation in the References section.

Perujukan Harvard

Maklumat lanjut : Wikipedia:Harvard referencing

The Harvard referencing system places a partial citation — the author's name and year of publication within parentheses — in the text itself, and a complete citation at the end of the text in an alphabetized list of "References". According to The Oxford Style Manual, the Harvard system is the "most commonly used reference method in the physical and social sciences" (Ritter 2002).

• For one author, add the author's surname and the year of publication in parentheses (round brackets) after the sentence or paragraph, and before the period: for example (Smith 2005).
• For two authors, use (Smith & Jones 2005); for more authors, use (Smith et al. 2005).
• If the "References" section contains two or more works by the same author but published the same year, use a letter after the year to distinguish the different sources (for example, (Smith 2005a) and (Smith 2005b). Make sure that the in-text citations use the correct letters that correspond to the full citation in the "References" at the end of the article.

• If the date of publication is unavailable, use "n.d." (meaning, no date)
• Many times authors use an edition of a book that was published long after the original publication. In such cases, many people put the original date of publication in square brackets followed by the date of publication of the edition used by the author who is making the citation. For example, a citation might be

(Marx [1867] 1967)

and the complete reference would be:

Marx, Karl [1867] 1967 Capital: A Critique of Political Economy