Ketiadanegaraan: Perbezaan antara semakan
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* [http://www.trust.org/alertnet/multimedia/in-focus/statelessness/ Stateless: The World's Most Invisible People]. [[Reuters AlertNet]], 2011 |
* [http://www.trust.org/alertnet/multimedia/in-focus/statelessness/ Stateless: The World's Most Invisible People]. [[Reuters AlertNet]], 2011 |
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* Undang0-undang antarabangsa: perjanjian dan kes contoh dibincangkan |
* Undang0-undang antarabangsa: perjanjian dan kes contoh dibincangkan |
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** [http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8898.pdf United States IRS Form 8898] (Renouncing citizenship). |
** [http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8898.pdf United States IRS Form 8898] (Renouncing citizenship). |
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ed_6nXLJfk/ Man without a nation] - filem dokumentari mengenai topik ini |
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ed_6nXLJfk/ Man without a nation] - filem dokumentari mengenai topik ini |
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[[Kategori:Kewarganegaraan]] |
[[Kategori:Kewarganegaraan]] |
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Semakan pada 06:54, 6 Jun 2020
Ketiadanegaraan (bahasa Inggeris: statelessness) adalah istilah undang-undang merujuk kepada keadaan di mana seseorang individu hilang status kewarganegaraan sendiri mahupun tiada hubungan pengakuan antara diri dan suatu negara, lalu individu tersebut boleh dianggap "t[id]ak bernegara" (stateless).[1]
Terdapat dua jenis yang terangkum dalam keadaan sebegini:
- Ketiadanegaraan secara de jure (de jure statelessness) - terkadang merujuk kepada orang yang "tidak dianggap sebagai seorang warganegara oleh suatu negara di bawah pelaksanaan undang-undang tersebut".[2]
- Ketiadanegaraan secara de facto (de facto statelessness) - orang yang berada di luar negara di mana kewarganegaraannya tidak jelas atau tidak mendapatkan perlindungan dari negara tersebut dengan sebab munasabah.[3] Orang yang tak bernegara secara de facto dapat mengakibatkan penganiayaan atau berakibat pada retaknya hubungan diplomatik antara negara asalnya dan negara yang ditinggalkannya.
Beberapa orang yang tak bernegara secara de jure juga merupakan pelarian, meskipun tidak semua pencari suaka tidak bernegara secara de jure dan tidak semua orang yang tak bernegara secara de jure boleh dianggap sebagai pelarian; malah, ada juga orang yang dianggap tidak bernegara tidak pernah melintasi sempadan antarabangsa.[4]
Rujukan
- ^ "'stateless' - Kamus Bahasa Inggeris". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dicapai pada 2 Mac 2020.
- ^ "Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, article 1(1)". UNHCR.
- ^ "The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law". UNHCR.
- ^ Hovy, Bela (2011). Bhabha, Jacqueline (penyunting). Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It. Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: MIT Press. m/s. 90. ISBN 9780262015271. Dicapai pada 11 Ogos 2014.
People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.
Bacaan tambahan
- Bronwen Manby, Struggles for Citizenship in Africa, 2009
- Laura Bingham, Julia Harrington-Reddy and Sebastian Kohn, De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions, 2011
- Jay Milbrandt, Stateless, 2011
- Open Society Foundations and Refugees International, Without Citizenship: Statelessness, Discrimination, and Repression in Kuwait, 2011
- Nationality and Statelessness: a Handbook for Parliamentarians. High Commissioner for Refugees, Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2005
- Stateless Palestinians
- Report describing US contributions to the resettlement of stateless populations in 2007
- Brad K. Blitz and Maureen Lynch. "Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study."
- Somers, Margaret. 2008. Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0
- Unravelling Anomaly. Detenation, Discrimination and the Protection Needs of the Stateless Persons. London: Equal Rights Trust, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9560717-3-6
- Stateless: The World's Most Invisible People. Reuters AlertNet, 2011
Pautan luar
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Ketiadanegaraan. |
- Undang0-undang antarabangsa: perjanjian dan kes contoh dibincangkan
- Intergovernmental organizations:
- Sumber diberikan NGO berkaitan
- Statelessness on the website of the Open Society Foundations
- Statelessness on the website of Refugees International
- Website of the International Observatory on Statelessness a clearinghouse for NGOs, academics, advocacy groups and policy-makers working on issues of statelessness
- World Service Authority The World Service Authority issues World Passports mainly to refugees and stateless persons; refugees in camps are entitled to free World Passports
- Website of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion
- Website of the European Network on Statelessness
- Institusi akademik
- Negara-negara khusus
- British nationality – provisions for reducing statelessness
- United States IRS Form 8898 (Renouncing citizenship).
- Man without a nation - filem dokumentari mengenai topik ini