Gelen: Perbezaan antara semakan

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== Penggunaan di seluruh dunia ==
== Penggunaan di seluruh dunia ==
[[Fail:Gasoline unit.svg|thumb|Unit khas petrol di setiap negara:<br />{{legend inline|#ff0000|[[Liter]]}}
[[Fail:Gasoline unit.svg|thumb|Unit khas petrol di setiap negara:<br />{{legend inline|#ff0000|[[Liter]]}}<br />
{{legend inline|#00ff00|Gelen AS}}
{{legend inline|#00ff00|Gelen AS}}<br />
{{legend inline|#0000ff|Gelen imperial}}
{{legend inline|#0000ff|Gelen imperial}}<br />
{{legend inline|#e0e0e0|Tiada data}}|347x347px]]
{{legend inline|#e0e0e0|Tiada data}}|347x347px]]
Gelen imperial masih terus digunakan sebagai unit ukuran di [[Anguilla]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Anguilla-RE-Integration-Final-Report-121019.pdf|title=Anguilla Renewable Energy Integration Project Final Report|date=19 Oktober 2012|website=Anguilla RE Integration Final Report|publisher=Government of Anguilla Ministry of Infrastructure, Communications, Utilities, and Housing (MICUH)|page=104|access-date=13 Oktober 2013|quote=In 2008—the most recent year where WTI crude oil averaged US$100 per barrel—ANGLEC paid an average of about US$4 per imperial gallon (IG) for diesel.}}</ref> [[Antigua dan Barbuda]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assets.antiguaobserver.com/2011/12/BUDGET-STATEMENT-2012.pdf|title=Budget Statement for 2012|date=5 Disember 2011|website=Antigua Observer|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002102212/http://assets.antiguaobserver.com/2011/12/BUDGET-STATEMENT-2012.pdf|archive-date=2 Oktober 2013|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Bahamas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12233&Itemid=87|title=The Nassau Guardian}}</ref> [[Kepulauan Virgin British]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2487:biwater-project-draws-scrutiny&catid=491:commentary-sept-6-2012|title=Biwater project draws scrutiny|last=Webmaster}}</ref> [[Kepulauan Cayman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.compasscayman.com/caycompass/2013/05/09/Fuel-costs-driven-by-factors/|title=Fuel costs driven by factors}}</ref> [[Dominika]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/features/photo-of-the-day/photo-of-the-day-up-and-up-it-goes/|title=PHOTO OF THE DAY: Up and up it goes|website=Dominica News Online}}</ref> [[Grenada]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1g4z5GpiBoC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17|title=Grenada: Third Review under the Three-Year Arrangement|page=17|access-date=13 Oktober 2013}}</ref> [[Montserrat]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themontserratreporter.com/gasoline-price-increases-diesel-decreases-cost-of-living-goes-up/|title=Gasoline price increases, diesel decreases, cost of living goes up - The Montserrat Reporter}}</ref> [[Myanmar]] (Burma, sebelum beralih ke liter jualan antara sebelum tahun 2014),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oilseedcrops.org/2014/04/05/petrol-prices-march-2014-in-yangon-myanmar/|title=Petrol Prices March 2014 in Yangon, Myanmar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/fuel-prices-rise.html|title=Fuel prices on the rise - 2017}}</ref> [[Santo Kitts dan Nevis|St Kitts dan Nevis]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2008/09/05/news21.html|title=GAS PRICES CAPPED UNDER $18 – LOWEST SINCE JULY|publisher=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524184004/http://thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2008/09/05/news21.html|archive-date=24 Mei 2012|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Saint Lucia|St Lucia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceslu.com/local_news/2013/july/09_07_13/Rotary.htm|title=Rotary has a new President - St. Lucia Voice News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145630/http://www.thevoiceslu.com/local_news/2013/july/09_07_13/Rotary.htm|archive-date=22 Disember 2015|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan [[Saint Vincent dan Grenadines|St Vincent dan Kepulauan Grenadine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwnsvg.com/2012/04/26/another-service-station-sues-sol-over-fuel-volume-discrepancy/|title=Another service station sues SOL over fuel volume discrepancy|website=iWitness News}}</ref>
Gelen imperial masih terus digunakan sebagai unit ukuran di [[Anguilla]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Anguilla-RE-Integration-Final-Report-121019.pdf|title=Anguilla Renewable Energy Integration Project Final Report|date=19 Oktober 2012|website=Anguilla RE Integration Final Report|publisher=Government of Anguilla Ministry of Infrastructure, Communications, Utilities, and Housing (MICUH)|page=104|access-date=13 Oktober 2013|quote=In 2008—the most recent year where WTI crude oil averaged US$100 per barrel—ANGLEC paid an average of about US$4 per imperial gallon (IG) for diesel.}}</ref> [[Antigua dan Barbuda]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assets.antiguaobserver.com/2011/12/BUDGET-STATEMENT-2012.pdf|title=Budget Statement for 2012|date=5 Disember 2011|website=Antigua Observer|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002102212/http://assets.antiguaobserver.com/2011/12/BUDGET-STATEMENT-2012.pdf|archive-date=2 Oktober 2013|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Bahamas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12233&Itemid=87|title=The Nassau Guardian}}</ref> [[Kepulauan Virgin British]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2487:biwater-project-draws-scrutiny&catid=491:commentary-sept-6-2012|title=Biwater project draws scrutiny|last=Webmaster}}</ref> [[Kepulauan Cayman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.compasscayman.com/caycompass/2013/05/09/Fuel-costs-driven-by-factors/|title=Fuel costs driven by factors}}</ref> [[Dominika]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/features/photo-of-the-day/photo-of-the-day-up-and-up-it-goes/|title=PHOTO OF THE DAY: Up and up it goes|website=Dominica News Online}}</ref> [[Grenada]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1g4z5GpiBoC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17|title=Grenada: Third Review under the Three-Year Arrangement|page=17|access-date=13 Oktober 2013}}</ref> [[Montserrat]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themontserratreporter.com/gasoline-price-increases-diesel-decreases-cost-of-living-goes-up/|title=Gasoline price increases, diesel decreases, cost of living goes up - The Montserrat Reporter}}</ref> [[Myanmar]] (Burma, sebelum beralih ke liter jualan antara sebelum tahun 2014),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oilseedcrops.org/2014/04/05/petrol-prices-march-2014-in-yangon-myanmar/|title=Petrol Prices March 2014 in Yangon, Myanmar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/fuel-prices-rise.html|title=Fuel prices on the rise - 2017}}</ref> [[Santo Kitts dan Nevis|St Kitts dan Nevis]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2008/09/05/news21.html|title=GAS PRICES CAPPED UNDER $18 – LOWEST SINCE JULY|publisher=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524184004/http://thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2008/09/05/news21.html|archive-date=24 Mei 2012|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Saint Lucia|St Lucia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceslu.com/local_news/2013/july/09_07_13/Rotary.htm|title=Rotary has a new President - St. Lucia Voice News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222145630/http://www.thevoiceslu.com/local_news/2013/july/09_07_13/Rotary.htm|archive-date=22 Disember 2015|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan [[Saint Vincent dan Grenadines|St Vincent dan Kepulauan Grenadine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwnsvg.com/2012/04/26/another-service-station-sues-sol-over-fuel-volume-discrepancy/|title=Another service station sues SOL over fuel volume discrepancy|website=iWitness News}}</ref>

Semakan pada 13:30, 22 Jun 2020

Gelen
Unit bagiIsipadu
Simbolgal 
Penukaran unit (imperial)
1 imp gal dalam ...... adalah sama dengan ...
   unit SI   4.546090 L
   unit lazim AS
   1.200950 gal AS
   unit lazim AS
   277.4194 in3
Penukaran unit ()
1 gal AS dalam ...... adalah sama dengan ...
   unit SI
   3.785412 L
   unit imperial
   0.8326742 gal imp
   unit imperial
   231.0000 in3

Gelen (bahasa Inggeris: dry gallon, Belanda: Gallon) adalah unit ukuran untuk kapasiti cecair dalam kedua-dua sistem ukuran lazim Amerika Syarikat dan imperial British. Terdapat tiga saiz yang jauh berbeza dalam penggunaan: gelen imperial - digunakan di United Kingdom, Kanada, dan beberapa negara Caribbean - di mana satu ditakrifkan sebagai 4.54609 liter; gelen Amerika Syarikat yang ditakrifkan sebagai 231 inci padu (8 pain cecair A.S) atau sekitar 3.785 L seunit, yang digunakan dalam A.S dan beberapa negara Amerika Latin dan Caribbean; dan "gelen kering bahasa Inggeris: dry gallon ditakrifkan sebagai 1//8 busyel ("gantang" Amerika, 4.405 L) seunit.

Singkatan yang paling dipersetujui secara meluas untuk semua jenis gelen ini ialah gal.[1]

Penggunaan di seluruh dunia

Unit khas petrol di setiap negara:
  Liter
  Gelen AS
  Gelen imperial
  Tiada data

Gelen imperial masih terus digunakan sebagai unit ukuran di Anguilla,[2] Antigua dan Barbuda,[3] Bahamas,[4] Kepulauan Virgin British,[5] Kepulauan Cayman,[6] Dominika,[7] Grenada,[8] Montserrat,[9] Myanmar (Burma, sebelum beralih ke liter jualan antara sebelum tahun 2014),[10][11] St Kitts dan Nevis,[12] St Lucia,[13] dan St Vincent dan Kepulauan Grenadine.[14]

Gelen Amerika juga digunakan - selain daripada negara yang menamakannya - di Liberia, Belize, Colombia, Republik Dominika, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, dan Peru, tetapi hanya untuk penjualan petrol sahaja. Semua produk yang lain dijual di liter dan gandaannya dan submultiples.[15]

Sejarah

Secara bersejarahnya, terdapat pelbagai saiz gelen yang telah digunakan di banyak tempat di Eropah Barat. Di kawasan-kawasan ini, ia lama kelamaannya telah digantikan dengan liter sebagai unit kapasiti.

Perbandingan jenis gelen bersejarah

Isipadu Takrifan Isipadu songsang

(gelen per
kaki padu)

Dianggarkan

berat air
(paun per gelen
@ 62 °F)

Anggaran silinder
(inci padu) (L atau dm3) Diameter

(in)

Ketinggian

(in)

Kerelatifan

Ralat (%)

216 (uncia Romawi) 3.5396 congius Romawi 8 7.8 5 11 0.01
224 ≈ 3.6707 dipelihara di Guildhall, London (gelen wain lama UK) 7.71 8.09 9 3.5 0.6
231 3.785411784 statut ke-5 Ratu Anne (gelen wain UK, gelen piawai AS) 7.48 8.33 7 6 0.04
264.8 ≈ 4.3393 Kuart Rumford lama (1228) 6.53 9.57 7.5 6 0.1
265.5 ≈ 4.3508 Exchequer (Henry VII), 1497, dengan rim) 6.51 9.59 13 2 0.01
266.25 ≈ 4.3631 Kuart Rumford (1228)
268.8025 4.40488377086 Winchester, statut 13 + 14 mengikut William III (gelen bijirin,gelen kering Amerika) 6.43 9.71 18.5 1 0.00001
271 ≈ 4.4409 Exchequer (1601, E.) (gelen bijirin asal) 6.38 9.79 4.5 17 0.23
272 ≈ 4.4573 gelen bijirin (1688)
277.18 ≈ 4.5422 statut 12 Anne (gelen arang) = 33/32 gelen bijirin 6.23 10
277.274 4.543460 Gelen imperial (1824) bertakrifan asal. 6.23 10
277.419433 4.54609 Gelen imperial piawai (metrik) (gelen Kanada 1964, gelen UK 1985) 6.23 10 5⅔ 11 0.0002
277.419555 4.546092 Gelen imperial (1895), ditakrifkan pada 1895, seperti yang tercatat pada 1963. 6.23 10
278 ≈ 4.5556 Exchequer (Henry VII, berrim tembaga) 6.21 10.04
278.4 ≈ 4.5622 Exchequer (pain 1601 dan 1602) 6.21 10.06
280 ≈ 4.5884 Exchequer (1601 quart) 6.17 10.1
282 ≈ 4.6212 "'Treasury ("Perbendaharaan", gelen bir dan ale) 6.13 10.2

Rujukan

  1. ^ IEEE Std 260.1-2014
  2. ^ "Anguilla Renewable Energy Integration Project Final Report" (PDF). Anguilla RE Integration Final Report. Government of Anguilla Ministry of Infrastructure, Communications, Utilities, and Housing (MICUH). 19 Oktober 2012. m/s. 104. Dicapai pada 13 Oktober 2013. In 2008—the most recent year where WTI crude oil averaged US$100 per barrel—ANGLEC paid an average of about US$4 per imperial gallon (IG) for diesel.
  3. ^ "Budget Statement for 2012" (PDF). Antigua Observer. 5 Disember 2011. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2 Oktober 2013. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (bantuan)
  4. ^ "The Nassau Guardian".
  5. ^ Webmaster. "Biwater project draws scrutiny".
  6. ^ "Fuel costs driven by factors".
  7. ^ "PHOTO OF THE DAY: Up and up it goes". Dominica News Online.
  8. ^ Grenada: Third Review under the Three-Year Arrangement. m/s. 17. Dicapai pada 13 Oktober 2013.
  9. ^ "Gasoline price increases, diesel decreases, cost of living goes up - The Montserrat Reporter".
  10. ^ "Petrol Prices March 2014 in Yangon, Myanmar".
  11. ^ "Fuel prices on the rise - 2017".
  12. ^ "GAS PRICES CAPPED UNDER $18 – LOWEST SINCE JULY". The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 24 Mei 2012. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (bantuan)
  13. ^ "Rotary has a new President - St. Lucia Voice News". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 Disember 2015. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (bantuan)
  14. ^ "Another service station sues SOL over fuel volume discrepancy". iWitness News.
  15. ^ "International Fuel Prices 2010/11 - 7th Edition" (PDF). GTZ Transport Policy Advisory Services on behalf of the [German] Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. m/s. 100. Dicapai pada 16 January 2012.