Ketiadanegaraan: Perbezaan antara semakan

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== Bacaan tambahan ==
== Bacaan tambahan ==
* Bronwen Manby, [http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/struggles_20091009 Struggles for Citizenship in Africa], 2009
* Bronwen Manby, [http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/struggles_20091009 Struggles for Citizenship in Africa]{{Pautan putus|date=Ogos 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 2009
* Laura Bingham, Julia Harrington-Reddy and Sebastian Kohn, [http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/prato-20110302 De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions], 2011
* Laura Bingham, Julia Harrington-Reddy and Sebastian Kohn, [http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/prato-20110302 De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions], 2011
* Jay Milbrandt, [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1919045 Stateless], 2011
* Jay Milbrandt, [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1919045 Stateless], 2011
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* [http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR26/FMR2603.pdf Stateless Palestinians]
* [http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR26/FMR2603.pdf Stateless Palestinians]
* [http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/86267.pdf Report describing US contributions to the resettlement of stateless populations in 2007]
* [http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/86267.pdf Report describing US contributions to the resettlement of stateless populations in 2007]
* Brad K. Blitz and Maureen Lynch. "[http://www.udhr60.ch/report/statelessness_paper0609.pdf Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study]."
* Brad K. Blitz and Maureen Lynch. "[http://www.udhr60.ch/report/statelessness_paper0609.pdf Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008171613/http://www.udhr60.ch/report/statelessness_paper0609.pdf |date=2011-10-08 }}."
* Somers, Margaret. 2008. ''Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights''. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0
* Somers, Margaret. 2008. ''Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights''. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79394-0
* ''[http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/UNRAVELLING%20ANOMALY%20small%20file.pdf Unravelling Anomaly. Detenation, Discrimination and the Protection Needs of the Stateless Persons]''. London: Equal Rights Trust, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9560717-3-6
* ''[http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/UNRAVELLING%20ANOMALY%20small%20file.pdf Unravelling Anomaly. Detenation, Discrimination and the Protection Needs of the Stateless Persons]''. London: Equal Rights Trust, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9560717-3-6

Semakan semasa pada 21:53, 28 Ogos 2021

Ketiadanegaraan (bahasa Inggeris: statelessness) adalah istilah undang-undang merujuk kepada keadaan di mana seseorang individu hilang status kewarganegaraan sendiri mahupun tiada hubungan pengakuan antara diri dan suatu negara, lalu individu tersebut boleh dianggap "t[id]ak bernegara" (stateless).[1]

Terdapat dua jenis yang terangkum dalam keadaan sebegini:

  • Ketiadanegaraan secara de jure (de jure statelessness) - terkadang merujuk kepada orang yang "tidak dianggap sebagai seorang warganegara oleh suatu negara di bawah pelaksanaan undang-undang tersebut".[2]
  • Ketiadanegaraan secara de facto (de facto statelessness) - orang yang berada di luar negara di mana kewarganegaraannya tidak jelas atau tidak mendapatkan perlindungan dari negara tersebut dengan sebab munasabah.[3] Orang yang tak bernegara secara de facto dapat mengakibatkan penganiayaan atau berakibat pada retaknya hubungan diplomatik antara negara asalnya dan negara yang ditinggalkannya.

Beberapa orang yang tak bernegara secara de jure juga merupakan pelarian, meskipun tidak semua pencari suaka tidak bernegara secara de jure dan tidak semua orang yang tak bernegara secara de jure boleh dianggap sebagai pelarian; malah, ada juga orang yang dianggap tidak bernegara tidak pernah melintasi sempadan antarabangsa.[4]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ "'stateless' - Kamus Bahasa Inggeris". Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dicapai pada 2 Mac 2020.
  2. ^ "Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, article 1(1)". UNHCR.
  3. ^ "The Concept of Stateless Persons under International Law". UNHCR.
  4. ^ Hovy, Bela (2011). Bhabha, Jacqueline (penyunting). Human Rights and Citizenship: The Need for Better Data and What to Do about It. Children Without a State: A Global Human Rights Challenge. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: MIT Press. m/s. 90. ISBN 9780262015271. Dicapai pada 11 Ogos 2014. People who reside in their country of birth, have never crossed a border, but have never had their birth registered by the state—the effectively stateless, in Jacqueline Bhabha's terminology—also resemble refugees in their relative rightlessness.

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