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Semakan pada 01:05, 30 Oktober 2021

Presiden Indonesia (2014–kini)

Lihat juga: Pelantikan Presiden Joko Widodo

Jokowi melafazkan sumpah jawatan pada 2014 (atas) dan 2019 (bawah)

Potret rasmi Jokowi sebagai presiden semasa penggal pertamanya; dikeluarkan pada 2014 (kiri) dan 2016 (kanan)

Kerajaan dan kabinet

Lihat juga: Kabinet Kerja dan Kabinet Indonesia Maju

Barisan kabinet awal Jokowi pada 2014 (atas) dan 2019 (bawah)

Walaupun berikrar untuk tidak memberikan jawatan kerajaan semata-mata kepada sekutu politik semasa kempen pada 2014, ramai ahli parti politik menerima jawatan menteri dalam kabinet pertama Jokowi.^[1]^[2] Tahun pertama pentadbiran Jokowi menyaksikan beliau mengawal kerajaan minoriti sehingga Golkar, parti kedua terbesar dalam Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), beralih daripada pembangkang kepada kerajaan. Jokowi menafikan tuduhan campur tangan dalam hal ehwal dalaman Golkar, walaupun beliau mengakui bahawa Luhut mungkin mempengaruhi perubahan itu.^[3] Menteri Industri Airlangga Hartarto dari kabinetnya dipilih sebagai pengerusi Golkar pada tahun 2018.^[4] Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN) juga telah bertukar-tukar pandangan terlebih dahulu tetapi kemudian kembali menjadi pembangkang pada tahun 2018.^[5]^[6]

Jokowi mengumumkan 34 nama barisan kabinetnya pada 26 Oktober 2014.^[7] Walaupun ia dipuji kerana keterangkuman wanita, dengan Retno Marsudi menjadi menteri luar wanita pertama Indonesia, ia menerima kritikan untuk beberapa kemasukan politik yang dilihat, seperti Puan Maharani (anak perempuan Megawati Sukarnoputri).^[8] Pentadbiran Jokowi juga menyaksikan pembentukan dua kementerian baharu (Kementerian Kerja Raya dan Perumahan dan Kementerian Alam Sekitar dan Perhutanan) daripada penggabungan kementerian lama, selain menamakan semula dan menyusun semula kementerian lain.^[9] Beliau menjalankan tiga rombakan kabinet sehingga 2018, menyingkirkan menteri-menteri seperti Rizal Ramli dan Bambang Brodjonegoro serta memasukkan menteri-menteri baharu seperti Luhut dan pengarah Bank Dunia, Sri Mulyani Indrawati.^[10] Satu lagi rombakan berlaku pada Disember 2020, menggantikan enam menteri termasuk dua yang ditangkap oleh Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Republik Indonesia (KPK).^[11]

Jokowi dikritik oleh PDI-P atas kelemahan dasar yang dilihat, dan penggubal undang-undang PDI-P, Effendi Simbolon menggesa pemecatannya.^[12] Pada 9 April 2015, semasa Kongres PDI-P, pemimpin parti Megawati Sukarnoputri merujuk Jokowi sebagai seorang yang berfungsi. Beliau berkata, calon presiden dicalonkan oleh parti politik, memberi bayangan bahawa Jokowi mempunyai kedudukannya dalam parti dan perlu menjalankan dasarnya.^[13]^[14] Beberapa bulan sebelumnya, Megawati dan Jokowi telah mempertikaikan pelantikan ketua polis baharu, dengan Megawati menyokong bekas pembantunya Budi Gunawan manakala Jokowi menyokong Badrodin Haiti.^[3]^[15]^[16]

Selepas memenangi pemilihan semula, Jokowi mengumumkan kabinet keduanya pada 23 Oktober 2019. Beliau mengekalkan beberapa menteri seperti Sri Mulyani dan Luhut tetapi turut melantik muka-muka baharu seperti pengasas Gojek, Nadiem Makarim dan pesaing presiden Prabowo Subianto, masing-masing sebagai menteri pendidikan dan pertahanan.^[17]

Pada tahun pertama penggal kedua Jokowi sebagai presiden, penarafan persetujuannya jatuh kepada 45.2%, dan penarafan yang tidak bersetuju adalah 52%.^[18]^[19] Timbalannya, Ma'ruf Amin, mempunyai penarafan 67% tidak bersetuju. Penarafan rendah ini disebabkan oleh dasar yang tidak popular.

Ekonomi

Sebelum memegang jawatan, Jokowi meminta Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) yang akan meninggalkan jawatan untuk bertanggungjawab atas keputusan menaikkan lagi harga bahan api^[20] dengan menghapuskan lagi subsidi.^[21] Percubaan SBY sebelum ini untuk berbuat demikian telah mengakibatkan kekacauan awam.^[20] Pada 1 Januari 2015, Jokowi mengambil langkah yang, pada zahirnya, nampaknya mengurangkan subsidi bahan api.^[22]^[23] Dasar itu mencetuskan beberapa demonstrasi, dan Jokowi berkata ianya perlu untuk meningkatkan pembiayaan bagi sektor infrastruktur, pendidikan dan kesihatan.^[24] Walau bagaimanapun, sejak Mac 2015, kerajaan telah menetapkan harga petrol berjenama Premium jauh di bawah harga pasaran, menyebabkan subsidi bahan api ditanggung oleh syarikat minyak milik kerajaan, Pertamina dan bukannya akaun langsung kerajaan.^[25] Di samping itu, kerajaan juga melaksanakan program satu harga, yang bertujuan untuk menjual bahan api melalui saluran rasmi pada harga yang sama di seluruh negara, termasuk di bahagian terpencil di Kalimantan dan Papua. Kerajaan mendakwa bahawa ini telah dicapai pada tahun 2017.^[26]

Pada suku pertama 2015, keluaran dalam negara kasar (KDNK) tahun ke tahun meningkat 4.92%, dan pada suku kedua, ia meningkat 4.6%, angka terendah sejak 2009.^[27]^[28]^[29] Sejak itu, pertumbuhan kekal di atas tanda 5%, yang masih di bawah apa yang dianggap sebagai tanda pertumbuhan ekonomi yang sihat sebanyak 6%.^[30] Rupiah Indonesia (Rp) juga lemah sepanjang pentadbiran Jokowi, dengan kadar pertukaran setiap dolar AS melepasi Rp 15,000 pada 2018, paras terendah sejak krisis kewangan Asia 1997, dan berkurangan kepada 16,700 pada 2020.^[31]^[32] Inflasi tahun ke tahun pada Jun 2015 adalah 7.26%, lebih tinggi daripada Mei (7.15%) dan Jun tahun sebelumnya (6.7%).^[33]

Pentadbiran Jokowi meneruskan dasar nasionalisme sumber pendahulunya, dengan nasionalis beberapa aset yang dikawal oleh syarikat multinasional seperti Freeport McMoRan, Total SA dan Chevron. Pada tahun 2018, dalam langkah yang bertujuan untuk mengurangkan import, syarikat minyak yang beroperasi di Indonesia telah diarahkan untuk menjual minyak mentah mereka kepada Pertamina.^[34] Larangan juga telah dikuatkuasakan ke atas eksport bijih nikel mentah, yang bertujuan untuk membantu mempromosikan pembangunan industri berkaitan nikel tempatan seperti peleburan dan kilang bateri.^[35]

Pembangunan infrastruktur telah menjadi ciri penting pentadbiran Jokowi, yang memberi tumpuan kepada pengembangan jalan raya dan kereta api, pembangunan pelabuhan dan lapangan terbang, dan pengairan. Pada tahun 2016, belanjawan negara memperuntukkan Rp 290 trilion (AS$ 22 bilion) untuk infrastruktur, yang terbesar dalam sejarah Indonesia.^[36] In total, his administration planned 265 infrastructure projects starting in 2016.^[37] In September 2015, Indonesia awarded a $5.5 billion high-speed rail project to China,^[38]^[39] to Japan's disappointment, which is also vying for the project.^[40] Indonesia's transportation ministry laid out a litany of shortcomings in plans for the project, casting doubt on the project and spotlighting Jokowi's limits in turning mega-projects into reality as he tries to draw foreign investors.^[41] Other significant projects include the completion of the 4,325-kilometer Trans Papua road and the Trans-Java Toll Road,^[42]^[43] initial construction of the Trans-Sulawesi Railway^[44] and the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road,^[45] a US$50 billion plan to develop the maritime sector including 24 "strategic ports",^[46] and expansion of airport capacity in remote areas.^[47] The ports' development and modernisation program, dubbed the "Sea Toll Road" program, was aimed to reduce price inequality between the better developed western parts of the country and the less populated eastern parts.^[48]

In addition to the major projects, the Jokowi administration also implemented a village fund program in which villages across the country received funding to allocate on basic infrastructures such as roads and water supply, tourism development and village enterprises to improve rural economies.^[49]^[50] The initial campaign promise was that IDR 1.4 billion (around US$100,000) would be allocated for every village annually,^[51] though as of 2019, less than a billion was allocated.^[52] Between 2015 and 2018, IDR 187 trillion (US$14 billion) had been reallocated through the program.^[53] The administration has targeted to streamline land certification across the country, aiming to distribute certificates of land ownership across the country completely. It involved increasing the issuing rate of certificates from around 500,000 to several million annually.^[54]^[55] In 2016, the administration signed into law a tax amnesty bill following a lengthy public debate and push back, giving wealthy Indonesians a chance to declare their unreported assets before the government would strengthen rules and oversight around imports and exports. It became the most successful program of its kind in history, with over IDR 4,865 trillion (approximately US$366 billion) of previously unreported assets declared to the tax office.^[56]^[57]

The opposition criticised the aggressive spending on infrastructure as it increased Indonesia's national debt by 48% between 2014 and March 2018 to US$181 billion. They also pointed out that most of the debt was allocated for remunerations rather than infrastructure development.^[58]^[59]^[60] In April 2018, Jokowi also issued a new policy that allows foreign workers in Indonesia without Indonesian language skills requirement,^[61] reasoning that it would increase investments.^[62] The policy faced significant opposition from local labour unions, who claimed that the policy would increase unemployment rates.^[63]^[64]

In 2020, the DPR passed the Omnibus Law on Job Creation. Though intended to boost investment and reduce red tape, it is also perceived as weakening labour and environmental protections, causing a series of protests in major cities. Jokowi defended the law by saying that it would be needed to create jobs and called for protesters to lodge a challenge instead to the Constitutional Court of Indonesia.^[65] The law, which revised over 70 previous laws and contained some 1,200 clauses, had been put forward by Jokowi following his 2019 re-election. Several groups had criticised the opaqueness of the government during the deliberation of the law.^[66] In the same year, Indonesia hit the lowest inflation level in history^[67] and faced the first economic recession since the 1997 Asian Financial crisis.^[68]

Politics

Early in his first term, the opposition coalition within the DPR attempted to revoke a regulation (Perppu, Government Regulation in Lieu of Acts) issued by Jokowi's predecessor, which had guaranteed the holding of direct regional elections in Indonesia (and overrode a legislator-issued bill which arranged for indirect elections).^[69] Jokowi supported the direct regional elections and opposed attempts to revoke the regulation, stating that "direct regional elections was, in principle, non-negotiable".^[70] Within the first three years of his administration, Jokowi issued four such Perppu.^[71]

Law and human rights

Lihat juga: Bali Nine dan Capital punishment in Indonesia

Judicial executions in Indonesia are carried out under a Presidential Decree following a death sentence imposed by a trial court.^[72] Jokowi in 2015 said he would not grant clemency for drug offenders sentenced to death, arguing Indonesia was in a state of emergency over drug-related crimes, citing statistics the Jakarta Globe reported to be faulty.^[73]^[74] His stance drew criticism as it could harm relations with the native countries of the condemned convicts,^[75] and also imperil Indonesians facing the death penalty abroad.^[76]^[77] Australia, Brazil and the Netherlands recalled their ambassadors from Indonesia following multiple executions in 2015.^[78]^[79] Australia reduced its foreign aid to Indonesia by nearly half,^[80] and Amnesty International issued a condemnation saying they showed a "complete disregard for due process and human rights safeguards".^[81] Former Indonesian Constitutional Court chief justice Jimly Asshiddiqie, who was a key player in the anti-death penalty lobby in Jakarta, said the push for the execution of Australians Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan had come from Jokowi personally.^[82] The Sydney Morning Herald reported that Jokowi did not have or read related documents when he refused their clemency requests.^[83] In the same year, Jokowi granted Frenchman Serge Atlaoui and Filipino Mary Jane Veloso temporary reprieves due to pending legal appeals.^[83] As of 2017, around 260 people remain on death row in Indonesia.^[84]

Regarding terrorism, Jokowi's administration in early 2016 proposed replacing the 2003 anti-terrorism law. Following the 2018 Surabaya bombings, the worst terrorist attack on Indonesian soil since the 2002 Bali bombings, the controversial bill passed, allowing the Indonesian National Armed Forces to participate in counter-terrorism activities upon police request and presidential approval.^[85] It also allowed extended detention of terror suspects and permitted wiretapping without initial court approval.^[86] Jokowi had threatened to issue a presidential regulation in lieu of law (perppu) if the bill did not pass the parliament by June that year.^[87]

During Jokowi's administration, there have been numerous instances where people were arrested or reported to police for activities deemed insulting to the president.^[88]^[89] Rights activists deem such arrests as a violation of the Constitution's guarantee of freedom of speech.^[90]^[91] A group claiming to be Jokowi's supporters reported Tempo magazine to police over a caricature of Jokowi as Pinocchio,^[92]^[93] after which the Presidential Palace issued a statement saying "the President respected freedom of press and speech".^[94] A book about Jokowi titled Jokowi Undercover was banned upon release and its author sentenced to three years in prison^[95] and buyers of the book being advised to surrender their copies to the authorities.^[96] Tempo magazine described the 436-page book as "trashy and tasteless, a compilation of hoax reports on President Joko Widodo, scattered across the internet and cyber chatrooms".^[97] The government's plans to resurrect a Dutch colonial law that would permit imprisonment for insulting the president resulted in widespread protests.^[98]^[99] A Law Firm and Public Interest Law Office (AMAR) institution later reported following the protests that they received many complaints of students regarding threats and sanctions of expulsion or suspension from their schools and universities.^[100] In addition, a remission granted to a journalist's murderer was revoked following media criticism.^[101]^[102]

In response to major protests, Jokowi's administration has generated some controversies. On 22 May 2019, amid post-election riots by supporters of losing presidential candidate Prabowo Subianto, the government limited the speed at which photos and videos could be shared on social media to stop people from being incited by fake news and calls for violence.^[103]^[104] In the aftermath, Amnesty International's Indonesian office denounced repressive measures against the demonstrators, condemned them as a grave human rights abuse and demanded the government investigate the extrajudicial executions in the clashes.^[105]^[106] In August and September 2019, the government blocked internet access in Papua and West Papua provinces amid violent protests against racism. Jakarta State Administrative Court in 2020 ruled the internet blocks in Papua illegal.^[107]

In 2017, Jokowi supported a controversial bill on mass organisations, which upon passing resulted in the disbandment of the Indonesian branch of Hizb ut-Tahrir. He argued the law was necessary to defend the national ideology, Pancasila.^[108] The 2020 banning of the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) was also based on that law.^[109] Twenty-three days' earlier, police had shot dead six FPI members during a confrontation.^[110]^[111] The president's subsequent defence of the police during their duty and his statement that no citizens should break the law or harm the country^[112]^[113] was criticised by FPI Secretary-General Munarman as a justification of human rights abuse and structural violence.^[114] A police chief involved in the car chase and subsequent murder claimed that the members were armed.^[110] After the passing of several controversial bills and repressive crackdowns from security officers on major protests since 2019,^[115] his presidency has been criticised for "Neo-Authoritarianism".^[116]^[117]^[118]^[119] South China Morning Post even named him a 'Little Suharto'^[120]

A premium price hike of public health care BPJS Kesehatan through Executive Order (Perpres) 64/2020 was criticised as a flagrant breach of permanent Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) decision^[121] that nullified the Perpres 82/2018 about the price hike. The Perpres 64/2020 itself was signed amid the COVID-19 pandemic that had caused hardship among the population.^[122]^[123] His former Deputy Mayor of Surakarta, F. X. Hadi Rudyatmo, also voiced similar concerns.^[124]

Jokowi's presidency coincided with the 50th anniversary of the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 in 2015. A government-supported symposium to resolve human rights violations surrounding the event was held in 2016, but Jokowi said his government would not apologise to the victims of the mass purge.^[125]^[126] On LGBT rights, Jokowi stated that "there should be no discrimination against anyone", but added that "in terms of our beliefs, [the LGBT lifestyle] isn't allowed, Islam does not allow it."^[127] Under his presidency, the controversial transmigration program was cut once more, when in 2015, it was decided to end the migration program to the Papuan provinces.^[128]

Foreign policy

Lihat juga: List of international presidential trips made by Joko Widodo

Fail:С Президентом Республики Индонезии Джоко Видодо.jpg

Joko Widodo and Russian President Vladimir Putin, 20 May 2016

Before Jokowi's election, Indonesia's foreign policy under former President SBY was moulded by the mission statement, "A thousand friends and zero enemies".^[129] Jokowi has mandated a three-pronged policy of maintaining Indonesia's sovereignty, enhancing the protection of Indonesian citizens, and intensifying economic diplomacy.^[130]

Jokowi aspires Indonesia to become a global maritime power (Indonesia: poros maritim duniacode: id is deprecated or global maritime axis). He sees the sea as having an increasingly important role in Indonesia's future and that as a maritime country, Indonesia must assert itself as a force between the two oceans: the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The five pillars of this maritime-axis doctrine are rebuilding Indonesia's maritime culture, maintaining and managing marine resources, developing maritime infrastructure and connectivity as well as developing the shipping industry and maritime tourism, inviting other nations to cooperate in the marine field and eliminate the source of conflicts at sea, and developing maritime defence forces.^[131] As part of this vision, Jokowi has adopted a tougher stance on illegal fishing.^[132] He stated that Jakarta could no longer tolerate a situation where over 5,000 ships are operating illegally in its waters every day, making a mockery out of Indonesian sovereignty and resulting in annual losses of over $20 billion.^[133]^[134]

On the territorial disputes in the South China Sea, particularly in the Natuna Islands where China's nine-dash line intercepts Indonesian EEZ claims, Jokowi stated that "there will be no compromise on sovereignty",^[135] and renamed Indonesia's section of the waters in the South China Sea as "North Natuna Sea".^[136] In June 2016, he held a cabinet meeting off the islands aboard the Indonesian Navy corvette KRI Imam Bonjol, calling to step up maritime patrols in the area.^[137] Under his administration, Indonesia has released an "Indo-Pacific Vision" for ASEAN countries, which calls for regional architecture and considers the Indian and Pacific Oceans as a single interconnected geostrategic area.^[138] Indonesia also entered a trilateral cooperation agreement with Malaysia and the Philippines, allowing coordinated patrols in the pirate-infested Sulu Sea.^[139]

In the Muslim world, Jokowi released a statement calling for the Muslim leaders at the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation summit meeting in Jakarta to unite in reconciliation and push for Palestinian independence.^[140] Under Jokowi, Indonesia's Foreign Minister has visited Palestine but refused entreaties to establish bilateral diplomatic relations with Israel.^[141] An honorary consul was established in Ramallah in the West Bank though it had to be inaugurated in Amman, Jordan.^[142] Jokowi also condemned the persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar and oversaw the departure of four Indonesian Air Force transport planes with 34 tons of relief supplies for Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.^[143]^[144]

Capital relocation

By April 2019, it was made public that Jokowi had decided in a meeting with cabinet ministers to move the capital of Indonesia away from Jakarta to a location outside Java.^[145] On 25 August 2019, it was further announced that the new capital would be located in Kalimantan, between the regencies of North Penajam Paser and Kutai Kartanegara.^[146]

Multilateral meetings

Multilateral meetings of the following intergovernmental organizations are scheduled to take place during Biden's term in office.

Group	Year
Group	2021	2022	2023	2024
APEC	November, (virtual)^[147] Auckland	TBD, Bangkok	TBD, Mexico City	TBD, Bandar Seri Begawan
EAS (ASEAN)	November, Bandar Seri Begawan	Akan diumumkan	Akan diumumkan	Akan diumumkan
G7	June 11–13, Carbis Bay	TBD, Jerman	TBD, Jepun	TBD, Itali
G20	October 30–31, Rome	TBD, Bali	TBD, India	TBD, Brazil
NATO	June 14, Brussels	TBD, Madrid	TBD, Lithuania	Akan diumumkan
SOA (OAS)	none	TBD, Miami	none	Akan diumumkan
UNCCC	November 1–2, Glasgow	Akan diumumkan	Akan diumumkan	Akan diumumkan
██ = Future event

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[1] Faqih, Fikri (31 March 2014). "Jokowi: Tidak ada namanya bagi-bagi kursi menteri" (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Merdeka. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 April 2014. Dicapai pada 9 October 2019.

[2] Ihsanuddin (16 September 2014). ""Jokowi Tak Seberani Janjinya, 16 Kursi untuk Parpol Jelas Bagi-bagi Kekuasaan!"" (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Kompas. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 20 September 2014. Dicapai pada 9 October 2019.

[ReformWinds-3] Suzuki, Jun (9 June 2016). "Widodo gets second wind for reforms". Nikkei Asia. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 October 2018. Dicapai pada 12 October 2018.

[4] McBeth, John (18 January 2018). "Can this man save Indonesia's Golkar?". Asia Times. Dicapai pada 12 October 2018.

[5] "PAN joins the ruling collation". The Jakarta Post. 2 September 2015. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 13 October 2018. Dicapai pada 12 October 2018.

[6] Putri, Parastiti Kharisma; Ramdhani, Jabbar (10 August 2018). "PAN Oposisi, Menteri PAN-RB Bakal Mundur?" (dalam bahasa Indonesia). detik. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 13 October 2018. Dicapai pada 12 October 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[7] Anam, Khairul (26 October 2014). "Jokowi Announces Names of Cabinet Members". Tempo. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 May 2019. Dicapai pada 12 October 2018.

[8] Nazeer, Zubaidah (31 October 2014). "Jokowi praised for record number of women in Cabinet". The Straits Times. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 19 August 2015. Dicapai pada 12 October 2018.

[9] Akuntono, Indra (23 October 2014). "Ini Nama Kementerian yang Berubah dalam Kabinet Jokowi-JK" (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Kompas. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 23 October 2014. Dicapai pada 12 October 2018.

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[sovereignty-130] Parameswaran, Prashanth (9 January 2015). "The Trouble With Indonesia's Foreign Policy Priorities Under Jokowi". The Diplomat. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 February 2015. Dicapai pada 25 July 2015.

[131] Witular, Rendi A. (13 November 2014). "Jokowi launches maritime doctrine to the world". The Jakarta Post. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 17 November 2014. Dicapai pada 14 April 2016.

[132] Chan, Francis (2 April 2017). "Indonesia blows up and sinks another 81 fishing boats for poaching". The Straits Times. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 April 2017. Dicapai pada 10 October 2018.

[133] Parameswaran, Prashanth (13 January 2015). "Explaining Indonesia's 'Sink The Vessels' Policy Under Jokowi". The Diplomat. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 25 January 2015. Dicapai pada 18 July 2015.

[134] "Terapi Kejut Jokowi Bagi Pencuri Ikan Asing" (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Okezone. 10 December 2014. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 13 July 2015. Dicapai pada 15 April 2018.

[135] "No compromise on sovereignty over Natuna Islands despite China claims: Indonesia's Jokowi". The Straits Times. 5 November 2016. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 6 November 2016. Dicapai pada 21 August 2018.

[136] Allard, Tom; Munthe, Bernadette Christina (14 July 2017). "Asserting sovereignty, Indonesia renames part of South China Sea". Reuters. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 16 January 2021. Dicapai pada 21 August 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[137] Kapoor, Kanupriya; Jensen, Fergus (23 June 2016). "Indonesia president visits islands on warship, makes point to China". Reuters. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 21 August 2018. Dicapai pada 21 August 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[138] Laksamana, Evan A. (20 November 2018). "Indonesia's Indo-Pacific vision is a call for Asean to stick together instead of picking sides". South China Morning Post. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 20 November 2018. Dicapai pada 3 January 2019.

[139] Weatherbee, Donald E. (2017). "Indonesia's Foreign Policy in 2016: Garuda Hovering". Southeast Asian Affairs: 172. ISSN 0377-5437. JSTOR 26492600.

[140] Yosephine, Liza (7 March 2016). "Jokowi calls for unity for reconciliation in Palestine". The Jakarta Post. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 8 March 2016. Dicapai pada 7 March 2016.

[141] "Indonesia rejects Israel's latest call for bilateral relations". The Jakarta Post. 31 March 2016. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 April 2016. Dicapai pada 18 April 2016.

[FOOTNOTEWeatherbee2017173-142] Weatherbee 2017, m/s. 173.

[143] "The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya". ABC News. 12 September 2017. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 22 September 2017. Dicapai pada 14 September 2017.

[144] "Indonesian President Jokowi deplores violence against Rohingya". Channel News Asia. 4 September 2017. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 4 September 2017. Dicapai pada 14 September 2017.

[145] Marguerite Afra, Sapiie (29 April 2019). "Jokowi wants to move capital out of Java". The Jakarta Post. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 30 April 2019. Dicapai pada 25 September 2019.

[146] Aditya, Arys; Sipahutar, Tassia; Rahadiana, Rieka (26 August 2019). "Indonesia Picks Borneo for New Capital Amid Jakarta Gridlock". Bloomberg. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 27 August 2019. Dicapai pada 25 September 2019.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[147] Perry, Nick (June 30, 2020). "New Zealand cancels 2021 APEC summit, will lead it virtually". Associated Press. Dicapai pada April 28, 2021.

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@@ Baris 32: / Baris 32: @@
 === Ekonomi ===
-Sebelum memegang jawatan, Jokowi meminta Presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] (SBY) yang akan meninggalkan jawatan untuk bertanggungjawab atas keputusan menaikkan lagi harga bahan api<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23015511|title=Indonesia fuel prices rocket by 44% sparking protests|publisher=BBC|date=22 June 2013|access-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321025930/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23015511|archive-date=21 March 2014}}</ref> dengan menghapuskan lagi subsidi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/28/jokowi-fails-persuade-sby-fuel-subsidy.html|title=Jokowi fails to persuade SBY on fuel subsidy|publisher=The Jakarta Post|author=Jong, Hans Nicholas; Erviani, Ni Komang|date=28 August 2014|access-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830160534/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/28/jokowi-fails-persuade-sby-fuel-subsidy.html|archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> Percubaan SBY sebelum ini untuk berbuat demikian telah mengakibatkan kekacauan awam.<ref name="bbc.com"/> Pada 1 Januari 2015, Jokowi mengambil langkah yang, pada zahirnya, nampaknya mengurangkan subsidi bahan api.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/socar031815a|title=IMF Survey: Indonesia—Moving in a New Direction|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=19 March 2015|access-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819021908/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/socar031815a|archive-date=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-31/widodo-makes-biggest-change-to-indonesias-fuel-subsidy-system|title=Widodo Makes Biggest Change to Indonesia Fuel Subsidies: Economy|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Fitri Wulandari; Eko Listiyorini; Sharon Chen|date=31 December 2014|access-date=18 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228121047/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-31/widodo-makes-biggest-change-to-indonesias-fuel-subsidy-system|archive-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Dasar itu mencetuskan beberapa demonstrasi, dan Jokowi berkata ianya perlu untuk meningkatkan pembiayaan bagi sektor infrastruktur, pendidikan dan kesihatan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/business/jokowi-eyes-infrastructure-focus-fuel-subsidy-cut/|title=Jokowi Eyes Infrastructure Focus With Fuel Subsidy Cut|publisher=Jakarta Globe|author=Bisara, Dion; Azhari, Muhamad Al|date=18 November 2014|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120015743/http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/business/jokowi-eyes-infrastructure-focus-fuel-subsidy-cut/|archive-date=20 November 2014}}</ref> Walau bagaimanapun, sejak Mac 2015, kerajaan telah menetapkan harga petrol berjenama Premium jauh di bawah harga pasaran, menyebabkan subsidi bahan api ditanggung oleh syarikat minyak milik kerajaan, [[Pertamina]] dan bukannya akaun langsung kerajaan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/03/jokowi-worries-big-forces-hampering-govt-projects-policies.html|title=Jokowi worries 'big forces' hampering govt projects, policies|publisher=The Jakarta Post|author=Cahyafitri, Raras|date=3 August 2015|access-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823093004/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/03/jokowi-worries-big-forces-hampering-govt-projects-policies.html|archive-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> Di samping itu, kerajaan juga melaksanakan program satu harga, yang bertujuan untuk menjual bahan api melalui saluran rasmi pada harga yang sama di seluruh negara, termasuk di bahagian terpencil di [[Kalimantan]] dan [[Papua]]. Kerajaan mendakwa bahawa ini telah dicapai pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/114161/government-achieves-2017-single-fuel-price-target-minister|title=Government achieves 2017 single-fuel price target: Minister|publisher=Antara News|author=Syafril, Afut|date=8 January 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108142300/https://en.antaranews.com/news/114161/government-achieves-2017-single-fuel-price-target-minister|archive-date=8 January 2018}}</ref>
+Sebelum memegang jawatan, Jokowi meminta Presiden [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] (SBY) yang akan meninggalkan jawatan untuk bertanggungjawab atas keputusan menaikkan lagi harga bahan api<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23015511|title=Indonesia fuel prices rocket by 44% sparking protests|publisher=BBC|date=22 June 2013|access-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321025930/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23015511|archive-date=21 March 2014}}</ref> dengan menghapuskan lagi subsidi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/28/jokowi-fails-persuade-sby-fuel-subsidy.html|title=Jokowi fails to persuade SBY on fuel subsidy|publisher=The Jakarta Post|author=Jong, Hans Nicholas; Erviani, Ni Komang|date=28 August 2014|access-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830160534/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/28/jokowi-fails-persuade-sby-fuel-subsidy.html|archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> Percubaan SBY sebelum ini untuk berbuat demikian telah mengakibatkan kekacauan awam.<ref name="bbc.com"/> Pada 1 Januari 2015, Jokowi mengambil langkah yang, pada zahirnya, nampaknya mengurangkan subsidi bahan api.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/socar031815a|title=IMF Survey: Indonesia—Moving in a New Direction|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=19 March 2015|access-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819021908/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/socar031815a|archive-date=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-31/widodo-makes-biggest-change-to-indonesias-fuel-subsidy-system|title=Widodo Makes Biggest Change to Indonesia Fuel Subsidies: Economy|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Fitri Wulandari; Eko Listiyorini; Sharon Chen|date=31 December 2014|access-date=18 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228121047/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-31/widodo-makes-biggest-change-to-indonesias-fuel-subsidy-system|archive-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> Dasar itu mencetuskan beberapa demonstrasi, dan Jokowi berkata ianya perlu untuk meningkatkan pembiayaan bagi sektor infrastruktur, pendidikan dan kesihatan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/business/jokowi-eyes-infrastructure-focus-fuel-subsidy-cut/|title=Jokowi Eyes Infrastructure Focus With Fuel Subsidy Cut|publisher=Jakarta Globe|author=Bisara, Dion; Azhari, Muhamad Al|date=18 November 2014|access-date=18 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120015743/http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/business/jokowi-eyes-infrastructure-focus-fuel-subsidy-cut/|archive-date=20 November 2014}}</ref> Walau bagaimanapun, sejak Mac 2015, kerajaan telah menetapkan harga petrol berjenama Premium jauh di bawah harga pasaran, menyebabkan subsidi bahan api ditanggung oleh syarikat minyak milik kerajaan, [[Pertamina]] dan bukannya akaun langsung kerajaan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/03/jokowi-worries-big-forces-hampering-govt-projects-policies.html|title=Jokowi worries 'big forces' hampering govt projects, policies|publisher=The Jakarta Post|author=Cahyafitri, Raras|date=3 August 2015|access-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823093004/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/03/jokowi-worries-big-forces-hampering-govt-projects-policies.html|archive-date=23 August 2015}}</ref> Di samping itu, kerajaan juga melaksanakan program satu harga, yang bertujuan untuk menjual bahan api melalui saluran rasmi pada harga yang sama di seluruh negara, termasuk di bahagian terpencil di [[Kalimantan]] dan [[Papua]]. Kerajaan mendakwa bahawa ini telah dicapai pada tahun 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/114161/government-achieves-2017-single-fuel-price-target-minister|title=Government achieves 2017 single-fuel price target: Minister|publisher=Antara News|author=Syafril, Afut|date=8 January 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108142300/https://en.antaranews.com/news/114161/government-achieves-2017-single-fuel-price-target-minister|archive-date=8 January 2018}}</ref>
-Pada suku pertama 2015, keluaran dalam negara kasar (KDNK) tahun ke tahun meningkat 4.92%, dan pada suku kedua, ia meningkat 4.6%, angka terendah sejak 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-03/indonesia-s-slowing-growth-a-reality-check-for-president-jokowi|title=Indonesia's Slowing GDP a Wakeup Call for President Widodo|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Brummitt, Chris|date=4 May 2015|access-date=25 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510013326/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-03/indonesia-s-slowing-growth-a-reality-check-for-president-jokowi|archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-07/indonesian-growth-continues-decline-dropping-to-2009-levels/6680132|title=Indonesian economic growth continues decline as Q2 figures show drop to 2009 levels|publisher=ABC News Australia|author=Brown, Helen|date=7 August 2015|access-date=7 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814193551/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-07/indonesian-growth-continues-decline-dropping-to-2009-levels/6680132|archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/commentary/opinion/indonesias-jokowi-presidency-is-becoming-a-desperate-mess/news-story/9eb6aba5ccf9d3b305bb8358bff4ed37|title=Indonesia's Jokowi presidency is becoming a desperate mess|publisher=The Australian|author=Sheridan, Greg|date=25 June 2015|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Sejak itu, pertumbuhan kekal di atas tanda 5%, yang masih di bawah apa yang dianggap sebagai tanda pertumbuhan ekonomi yang sihat sebanyak 6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-27/jokowi-heads-to-2018-with-backing-of-stronger-indonesian-economy|title=Jokowi Heads to 2018 With Backing of Stronger Indonesian Economy|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Salna, Karlis|date=28 December 2017|access-date=4 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228021526/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-27/jokowi-heads-to-2018-with-backing-of-stronger-indonesian-economy|archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> [[Rupiah Indonesia]] (Rp) juga lemah sepanjang pentadbiran Jokowi, dengan kadar pertukaran setiap [[dolar Amerika Syarikat|dolar AS]] melepasi Rp 15,000 pada 2018, paras terendah sejak [[krisis kewangan Asia 1997]], dan berkurangan kepada 16,700 pada 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viva.co.id/arsip/1270455-rupiah-melemah-ke-posisi-rp16-700-per-dolar-as-ini-kata-gubernur-bi|title=Rupiah Melemah ke Posisi Rp16.700 per Dolar AS, Ini Kata Gubernur BI|publisher=VIVA|language=id|author=Halim, Fikri; Rachman, Arrijal|date=2 April 2020|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://seekingalpha.com/news/3388018-indonesian-rupiah-breaches-15000-per-u-s-dollar-eases-off|title=Indonesian rupiah breaches 15,000 per U.S. dollar then eases off|publisher=Seeking Alpha|author=Kiesche, Liz|date=5 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> Inflasi tahun ke tahun pada Jun 2015 adalah 7.26%, lebih tinggi daripada Mei (7.15%) dan Jun tahun sebelumnya (6.7%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/blogs/indonesiaproject/?p=5981|title=News Summary 27 June – 17 July 2015|publisher=ANU Indonesia Project Blog|author=Asamosir|date=21 July 2015|access-date=25 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725120502/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/blogs/indonesiaproject/?p=5981|archive-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
+Pada suku pertama 2015, keluaran dalam negara kasar (KDNK) tahun ke tahun meningkat 4.92%, dan pada suku kedua, ia meningkat 4.6%, angka terendah sejak 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-03/indonesia-s-slowing-growth-a-reality-check-for-president-jokowi|title=Indonesia's Slowing GDP a Wakeup Call for President Widodo|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Brummitt, Chris|date=4 May 2015|access-date=25 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510013326/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-03/indonesia-s-slowing-growth-a-reality-check-for-president-jokowi|archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-07/indonesian-growth-continues-decline-dropping-to-2009-levels/6680132|title=Indonesian economic growth continues decline as Q2 figures show drop to 2009 levels|publisher=ABC News Australia|author=Brown, Helen|date=7 August 2015|access-date=7 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814193551/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-07/indonesian-growth-continues-decline-dropping-to-2009-levels/6680132|archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/commentary/opinion/indonesias-jokowi-presidency-is-becoming-a-desperate-mess/news-story/9eb6aba5ccf9d3b305bb8358bff4ed37|title=Indonesia's Jokowi presidency is becoming a desperate mess|publisher=The Australian|author=Sheridan, Greg|date=25 June 2015|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Sejak itu, pertumbuhan kekal di atas tanda 5%, yang masih di bawah apa yang dianggap sebagai tanda pertumbuhan ekonomi yang sihat sebanyak 6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-27/jokowi-heads-to-2018-with-backing-of-stronger-indonesian-economy|title=Jokowi Heads to 2018 With Backing of Stronger Indonesian Economy|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Salna, Karlis|date=28 December 2017|access-date=4 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228021526/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-27/jokowi-heads-to-2018-with-backing-of-stronger-indonesian-economy|archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> [[Rupiah Indonesia]] (Rp) juga lemah sepanjang pentadbiran Jokowi, dengan kadar pertukaran setiap [[dolar Amerika Syarikat|dolar AS]] melepasi Rp 15,000 pada 2018, paras terendah sejak [[krisis kewangan Asia 1997]], dan berkurangan kepada 16,700 pada 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viva.co.id/arsip/1270455-rupiah-melemah-ke-posisi-rp16-700-per-dolar-as-ini-kata-gubernur-bi|title=Rupiah Melemah ke Posisi Rp16.700 per Dolar AS, Ini Kata Gubernur BI|publisher=VIVA|language=id|author=Halim, Fikri; Rachman, Arrijal|date=2 April 2020|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://seekingalpha.com/news/3388018-indonesian-rupiah-breaches-15000-per-u-s-dollar-eases-off|title=Indonesian rupiah breaches 15,000 per U.S. dollar then eases off|publisher=Seeking Alpha|author=Kiesche, Liz|date=5 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> Inflasi tahun ke tahun pada Jun 2015 adalah 7.26%, lebih tinggi daripada Mei (7.15%) dan Jun tahun sebelumnya (6.7%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/blogs/indonesiaproject/?p=5981|title=News Summary 27 June – 17 July 2015|publisher=ANU Indonesia Project Blog|author=Asamosir|date=21 July 2015|access-date=25 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725120502/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/blogs/indonesiaproject/?p=5981|archive-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
-Jokowi's administration continued the [[resource nationalism]] policy of its predecessor, nationalising some assets controlled by multinational companies such as [[Freeport McMoRan]], [[Total SA]] and [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]. In 2018, in a move aimed to cut imports, oil companies operating in Indonesia were ordered to sell their crude oil to state-owned [[Pertamina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/economic-nationalism-is-back-in-indonesia-as-election-approaches|title=Economic nationalism is back in Indonesia as election approaches|publisher=The Straits Times|date=17 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160618/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/economic-nationalism-is-back-in-indonesia-as-election-approaches|archive-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> A ban was also enforced on the exports of raw nickel ore, intended to help promote the development of local nickel-related industries such as smelters and battery factories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-02/resource-nationalism-on-the-march-as-indonesia-tightens-curbs|title=Indonesia's Nickel Ban Shows Resource Nationalism on the March|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Listiyorini, Eko|date=2 September 2019|access-date=15 February 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821043140/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-02/resource-nationalism-on-the-march-as-indonesia-tightens-curbs|archive-date=21 August 2020}}</ref>
+Pentadbiran Jokowi meneruskan dasar nasionalisme sumber pendahulunya, dengan nasionalis beberapa aset yang dikawal oleh syarikat multinasional seperti Freeport McMoRan, [[Total S.A.|Total SA]] dan [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]. Pada tahun 2018, dalam langkah yang bertujuan untuk mengurangkan import, syarikat minyak yang beroperasi di Indonesia telah diarahkan untuk menjual minyak mentah mereka kepada [[Pertamina]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/economic-nationalism-is-back-in-indonesia-as-election-approaches|title=Economic nationalism is back in Indonesia as election approaches|publisher=The Straits Times|date=17 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160618/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/economic-nationalism-is-back-in-indonesia-as-election-approaches|archive-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> Larangan juga telah dikuatkuasakan ke atas eksport bijih nikel mentah, yang bertujuan untuk membantu mempromosikan pembangunan industri berkaitan nikel tempatan seperti peleburan dan kilang bateri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-02/resource-nationalism-on-the-march-as-indonesia-tightens-curbs|title=Indonesia's Nickel Ban Shows Resource Nationalism on the March|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Listiyorini, Eko|date=2 September 2019|access-date=15 February 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821043140/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-02/resource-nationalism-on-the-march-as-indonesia-tightens-curbs|archive-date=21 August 2020}}</ref>
-Infrastructure development has been a significant feature of the Jokowi administration, focusing on road and railway expansion, seaports and airports development, and irrigation. In 2016, the state budget allocated Rp 290 trillion (US$22 billion) for infrastructure, the biggest in Indonesian history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/23/jokowi-policy-attracts-infrastructure-based-mutual-funds.html|title=Jokowi policy attracts infrastructure-based mutual funds|publisher=The Jakarta Post|author=Amindoni, Ayomi|date=23 March 2016|access-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410154637/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/23/jokowi-policy-attracts-infrastructure-based-mutual-funds.html|archive-date=10 April 2016}}</ref> In total, his administration planned 265 infrastructure projects starting in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-25/indonesia-seeks-to-plug-157-billion-gap-in-nation-building-plan?|title=Indonesia Needs $157 Billion for Infrastructure Plan|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Salna, Kalris|date=26 January 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012141/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-25/indonesia-seeks-to-plug-157-billion-gap-in-nation-building-plan|archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> In September 2015, Indonesia awarded a $5.5 billion high-speed rail project to China,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-railway-idUSL3N11Z3HQ20150929|title=Indonesia to award fast train contract to China – Japanese embassy official|publisher=Reuters|author=Kapoor, Kanupriya|date=29 September 2015|access-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002165345/https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/29/indonesia-railway-idUSL3N11Z3HQ20150929|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-30/indonesia-awards-major-rail-contract-to-china/6818082|title=Indonesia awards multi-billion-dollar railway project to China over Japan|publisher=ABC News Australia|date=30 September 2015|access-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003040818/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-30/indonesia-awards-major-rail-contract-to-china/6818082|archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> to Japan's disappointment, which is also vying for the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/eca4af84-67fa-11e5-97d0-1456a776a4f5#axzz3nL45xCH2|title=Japan cries foul after Indonesia awards rail contract to China|publisher=Financial Times|date=1 October 2015|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> Indonesia's transportation ministry laid out a litany of shortcomings in plans for the project, casting doubt on the project and spotlighting Jokowi's limits in turning mega-projects into reality as he tries to draw foreign investors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indonesia-ministry-cites-high-speed-railway-shortcomings-1454507248|title=Indonesia's High-Speed Rail Plan Goes Off the Tracks|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|author=Otto, Ben; Anita Rachman|date=3 February 2016|access-date=13 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204093251/https://www.wsj.com/articles/indonesia-ministry-cites-high-speed-railway-shortcomings-1454507248|archive-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> Other significant projects include the completion of the 4,325-kilometer [[Trans Papua]] road and the [[Trans-Java Toll Road]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/article/rough-road-ahead-powder-keg-papua/|title=Rough road ahead for powder keg Papua|publisher=Asia Times|author=McBeth, John|date=2 October 2017|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/116269/jokowi-optimistic-trans-java-toll-road-fully-completed-in-2019|title=Jokowi optimistic Trans Java toll road fully completed in 2019|publisher=Antara|date=23 June 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623112737/https://en.antaranews.com/news/116269/jokowi-optimistic-trans-java-toll-road-fully-completed-in-2019|archive-date=23 June 2018}}</ref> initial construction of the [[Trans-Sulawesi Railway]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economy.okezone.com/read/2017/03/07/320/1636065/kereta-api-trans-sulawesi-beroperasi-april-2018|title=Kereta Api Trans Sulawesi Beroperasi April 2018|publisher=Okezone|language=id|date=7 March 2017|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307055357/https://economy.okezone.com/read/2017/03/07/320/1636065/kereta-api-trans-sulawesi-beroperasi-april-2018|archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> and the [[Trans-Sumatra Toll Road]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/infrastructure-indonesia-groundbreaking-trans-sumatra-toll-road/item5515|title=Groundbreaking Trans-Sumatra Toll Road; Infrastructure Projects Indonesia|publisher=Indonesia Investments|date=30 April 2015|access-date=27 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721093350/https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/infrastructure-indonesia-groundbreaking-trans-sumatra-toll-road/item5515|archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> a US$50 billion plan to develop the maritime sector including 24 "strategic ports",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Indonesia-sneaks-up-on-Singapore-with-flurry-of-port-projects|title=Indonesia sneaks up on Singapore with flurry of port projects|publisher=Nikkei Asia|author=Maulia, Erwida|date=14 June 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614011937/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Indonesia-sneaks-up-on-Singapore-with-flurry-of-port-projects|archive-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> and expansion of airport capacity in remote areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-10/jokowi-seeks-investors-for-indonesia-s-airports-to-curb-deficit|title=Jokowi Seeks Investors for Indonesia's Airports to Curb Deficit|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Dahrul, Fathiya; Rahadiana, Rieka|date=10 November 2016|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114054808/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-10/jokowi-seeks-investors-for-indonesia-s-airports-to-curb-deficit|archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> The ports' development and modernisation program, dubbed the "Sea Toll Road" program, was aimed to reduce price inequality between the better developed western parts of the country and the less populated eastern parts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/new-chief-maritime-minister-speed-sea-toll-road-program/|title=New Chief Maritime Minister to Speed up Sea Toll Road Program|publisher=Jakarta Globe|author=Almanar, Alin|date=28 July 2016|access-date=3 January 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618024628/https://jakartaglobe.id/news/new-chief-maritime-minister-speed-sea-toll-road-program/|archive-date=18 June 2017}}</ref>
+Pembangunan infrastruktur telah menjadi ciri penting pentadbiran Jokowi, yang memberi tumpuan kepada pengembangan jalan raya dan kereta api, pembangunan pelabuhan dan lapangan terbang, dan pengairan. Pada tahun 2016, belanjawan negara memperuntukkan Rp 290 trilion (AS$ 22 bilion) untuk infrastruktur, yang terbesar dalam sejarah Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/23/jokowi-policy-attracts-infrastructure-based-mutual-funds.html|title=Jokowi policy attracts infrastructure-based mutual funds|publisher=The Jakarta Post|author=Amindoni, Ayomi|date=23 March 2016|access-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410154637/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/23/jokowi-policy-attracts-infrastructure-based-mutual-funds.html|archive-date=10 April 2016}}</ref> In total, his administration planned 265 infrastructure projects starting in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-25/indonesia-seeks-to-plug-157-billion-gap-in-nation-building-plan?|title=Indonesia Needs $157 Billion for Infrastructure Plan|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Salna, Kalris|date=26 January 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012141/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-25/indonesia-seeks-to-plug-157-billion-gap-in-nation-building-plan|archive-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> In September 2015, Indonesia awarded a $5.5 billion high-speed rail project to China,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-railway-idUSL3N11Z3HQ20150929|title=Indonesia to award fast train contract to China – Japanese embassy official|publisher=Reuters|author=Kapoor, Kanupriya|date=29 September 2015|access-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002165345/https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/29/indonesia-railway-idUSL3N11Z3HQ20150929|archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-30/indonesia-awards-major-rail-contract-to-china/6818082|title=Indonesia awards multi-billion-dollar railway project to China over Japan|publisher=ABC News Australia|date=30 September 2015|access-date=1 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003040818/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-30/indonesia-awards-major-rail-contract-to-china/6818082|archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> to Japan's disappointment, which is also vying for the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/eca4af84-67fa-11e5-97d0-1456a776a4f5#axzz3nL45xCH2|title=Japan cries foul after Indonesia awards rail contract to China|publisher=Financial Times|date=1 October 2015|access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> Indonesia's transportation ministry laid out a litany of shortcomings in plans for the project, casting doubt on the project and spotlighting Jokowi's limits in turning mega-projects into reality as he tries to draw foreign investors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indonesia-ministry-cites-high-speed-railway-shortcomings-1454507248|title=Indonesia's High-Speed Rail Plan Goes Off the Tracks|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|author=Otto, Ben; Anita Rachman|date=3 February 2016|access-date=13 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204093251/https://www.wsj.com/articles/indonesia-ministry-cites-high-speed-railway-shortcomings-1454507248|archive-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> Other significant projects include the completion of the 4,325-kilometer [[Trans Papua]] road and the [[Trans-Java Toll Road]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/article/rough-road-ahead-powder-keg-papua/|title=Rough road ahead for powder keg Papua|publisher=Asia Times|author=McBeth, John|date=2 October 2017|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/116269/jokowi-optimistic-trans-java-toll-road-fully-completed-in-2019|title=Jokowi optimistic Trans Java toll road fully completed in 2019|publisher=Antara|date=23 June 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623112737/https://en.antaranews.com/news/116269/jokowi-optimistic-trans-java-toll-road-fully-completed-in-2019|archive-date=23 June 2018}}</ref> initial construction of the [[Trans-Sulawesi Railway]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economy.okezone.com/read/2017/03/07/320/1636065/kereta-api-trans-sulawesi-beroperasi-april-2018|title=Kereta Api Trans Sulawesi Beroperasi April 2018|publisher=Okezone|language=id|date=7 March 2017|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307055357/https://economy.okezone.com/read/2017/03/07/320/1636065/kereta-api-trans-sulawesi-beroperasi-april-2018|archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> and the [[Trans-Sumatra Toll Road]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/infrastructure-indonesia-groundbreaking-trans-sumatra-toll-road/item5515|title=Groundbreaking Trans-Sumatra Toll Road; Infrastructure Projects Indonesia|publisher=Indonesia Investments|date=30 April 2015|access-date=27 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721093350/https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/infrastructure-indonesia-groundbreaking-trans-sumatra-toll-road/item5515|archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> a US$50 billion plan to develop the maritime sector including 24 "strategic ports",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Indonesia-sneaks-up-on-Singapore-with-flurry-of-port-projects|title=Indonesia sneaks up on Singapore with flurry of port projects|publisher=Nikkei Asia|author=Maulia, Erwida|date=14 June 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614011937/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Indonesia-sneaks-up-on-Singapore-with-flurry-of-port-projects|archive-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> and expansion of airport capacity in remote areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-10/jokowi-seeks-investors-for-indonesia-s-airports-to-curb-deficit|title=Jokowi Seeks Investors for Indonesia's Airports to Curb Deficit|publisher=Bloomberg|author=Dahrul, Fathiya; Rahadiana, Rieka|date=10 November 2016|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114054808/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-10/jokowi-seeks-investors-for-indonesia-s-airports-to-curb-deficit|archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> The ports' development and modernisation program, dubbed the "Sea Toll Road" program, was aimed to reduce price inequality between the better developed western parts of the country and the less populated eastern parts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/new-chief-maritime-minister-speed-sea-toll-road-program/|title=New Chief Maritime Minister to Speed up Sea Toll Road Program|publisher=Jakarta Globe|author=Almanar, Alin|date=28 July 2016|access-date=3 January 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618024628/https://jakartaglobe.id/news/new-chief-maritime-minister-speed-sea-toll-road-program/|archive-date=18 June 2017}}</ref>
 In addition to the major projects, the Jokowi administration also implemented a village fund program in which villages across the country received funding to allocate on basic infrastructures such as roads and water supply, tourism development and village enterprises to improve rural economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/indonesia-rural-development|title=Indonesia Tries Rural Development|publisher=Asia Sentinel|author=Rakhmat, Muhammad Zulfikar; Tarahita, Dikanaya|date=21 March 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924043513/https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/indonesia-rural-development|archive-date=24 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/12/15/new-village-scheme-risks-quality.html|title=New village scheme risks quality|publisher=The Jakarta Post|author=Aisyah, Rachmadea|date=15 December 2017|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718084206/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/12/15/new-village-scheme-risks-quality.html|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> The initial campaign promise was that IDR 1.4 billion (around US$100,000) would be allocated for every village annually,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.solopos.com/pilpres-2014-9-program-nyata-jokowi-janji-naikkan-kesejahteraan-pns-516971|title=PILPRES 2014 : 9 Program Nyata, Jokowi Janji Naikkan Kesejahteraan PNS|publisher=Solo Pos|language=id|author=Anwar, Akhirul|date=3 July 2014|access-date=9 October 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218105042/https://www.solopos.com/pilpres-2014-9-program-nyata-jokowi-janji-naikkan-kesejahteraan-pns-516971|archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> though as of 2019, less than a billion was allocated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tirto.id/dana-desa-meningkat-tiap-desa-rata-rata-dapat-rp960-juta-tahun-ini-esQu|title=Dana Desa Meningkat, Tiap Desa Rata-Rata Dapat Rp960 Juta Tahun Ini|publisher=Titro.id|language=id|author=Miftahul Jannah, Selfie|date=15 January 2020|access-date=18 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200428/https://tirto.id/dana-desa-meningkat-tiap-desa-rata-rata-dapat-rp960-juta-tahun-ini-esQu|archive-date=2 August 2020}}</ref> Between 2015 and 2018, IDR 187 trillion (US$14 billion) had been reallocated through the program.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4019650/jokowi-kucurkan-rp-187-triliun-untuk-program-dana-desa|title=Jokowi Kucurkan Rp 187 Triliun untuk Program Dana Desa|publisher=detik|language=id|author=Kusuma, Hendra|date=14 May 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718084105/https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4019650/jokowi-kucurkan-rp-187-triliun-untuk-program-dana-desa|archive-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> The administration has targeted to streamline land certification across the country, aiming to distribute certificates of land ownership across the country completely. It involved increasing the issuing rate of certificates from around 500,000 to several million annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/354886/indonesian-president-hands-over-land-certificates-in-papua|title=Indonesian president hands over land certificates in Papua|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=12 April 2018|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/114034/government-to-complete-land-certificate-distribution-by-2025-jokowi|title=Government to complete land certificate distribution by 2025: Jokowi|publisher=Antara News|date=29 December 2017|access-date=31 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228231342/https://en.antaranews.com/news/114034/government-to-complete-land-certificate-distribution-by-2025-jokowi|archive-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> In 2016, the administration signed into law a [[tax amnesty]] bill following a lengthy public debate and push back, giving wealthy Indonesians a chance to declare their unreported assets before the government would strengthen rules and oversight around imports and exports. It became the most successful program of its kind in history, with over IDR 4,865 trillion (approximately US$366 billion) of previously unreported assets declared to the tax office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-economy-tax/late-rush-to-join-indonesia-tax-amnesty-after-360-billion-declared-idUSKBN1720VJ|title=Late rush to join Indonesia tax amnesty after $360 billion declared|publisher=Reuters|author=Setiaji, Hidayat|date=31 March 2017|access-date=9 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009133718/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-economy-tax/late-rush-to-join-indonesia-tax-amnesty-after-360-billion-declared-idUSKBN1720VJ|archive-date=9 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/finance/financial-columns/tax-amnesty-program-indonesia-ended-what-are-the-results/item7719?|title=Tax Amnesty Program Indonesia Ended, What Are the Results?|publisher=Indonesia Investments|date=3 April 2017|access-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403070746/https://www.indonesia-investments.com/finance/financial-columns/tax-amnesty-program-indonesia-ended-what-are-the-results/item7719|archive-date=3 April 2017}}</ref>