Konflik Israel–Palestin: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Semakan pada 01:32, 8 Mei 2008

Konflik Israel-Palestin merupakan satu pertikaian yang masih berlangsung antara Israel dan orang Arab Palestin. Konflik Israel-Palestin ini merupakan sebahagian daripada Konflik Arab-Israel yang lebih besar. Pada dasarnya, konflik kini merupakan pertikaian antara dua kumpulan mengenai tuntutan kawasan tanah yang sama.

Banyak percubaan telah dibuat untuk membantu mencipta sebuah "penyelesaian dua negara" yang melibatkan penciptaan sebuah negara Palestin merdeka di samping Israel. Pada masa ini, kebanyakan orang Israel dan Palestin bersetuju bahawa sebuah penyelesaian dua negara merupakan cara yang terbaik untuk menamatkan konflik, menurut banyak tinjauan pendapat yang utama.^[1]^[2] Kebanyakan orang Palestin melihatkan Tebing Barat dan Jalur Gaza sebagai sebahagian kawasan negara masa hadapan, suatu sudut pandangan yang juga diterima oleh kebanyakan orang Israel.^[3] Walaupun demikian, sebilangan ahli akademik yang kecil menyokong penyelesaian satu negara, dengan semua kawasan Israel, Jalur Gaza, dan Tebing Barat menjadi sebuah dwinegara dengan hak yang sama untuk semua penduduk.^[4]^[5] Bagaimanapun, terdapat banyak percanggahan pendapat yang utama tentang bentuk persetujuan yang akhir serta tahap keandalan kedua-dua pihak terhadap komitmen asas masing-masing.

Terdapat banyak pemain dalam negeri serta pemain antarabangsa yang terbabit dalam konflik ini. Pihak perunding langsung ialah kerajaan Israel yang diketuai oleh Ehud Olmert dan Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin (PLO) yang diketuai oleh Mahmoud Abbas. Perundingan rasmi diantarakan oleh sebuah kontingen antarabangsa yang dikenali sebagai Kuartet Timur Tengah yang terdiri daripada Amerika Syarikat, Rusia, Kesatuan Eropah, Pertubuhan Bangsa Bersatu, dan diwakili oleh utusan khas yang kini merupakan Tony Blair. Liga Arab merupakan pemain yang penting yang telah mencadangan rancangan kedamaian alternatif. Mesir, anggota pengasas Liga Arab, merupakan peserta yang utama dari segi sejarah.

Since 2006, the Palestinian side has been fractured by conflict between the two major factions: Fatah, the largest party, and Hamas, an Islamist militant group. As a result, the territory controlled by the Palestinian National Authority (the Palestinian interim government) is split between Fatah in the West Bank, and Hamas in the Gaza strip. This has proved problematic as Hamas is considered a terrorist organization by Israel and many other countries^[6] which means that despite the fact it won the Palestinian elections of 2006, it has not been allowed to participate in official negotiations.

The most recent round of peace negotiations began at Annapolis, USA in November, 2007. These talks aim to have a final resolution by the end of 2008.^[7] The parties agree there are six core, or 'final status,' issues which need to be resolved^[8]: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, security, borders and water. These issues are discussed at length below.

Within Israeli and Palestinian society, the conflict generates a wide variety of views and opinions (see also Israeli and Palestinian views of the peace process). This serves to highlight the deep divisions which exist not only between Israelis and Palestinians, but also amongst themselves.

A hallmark of the conflict has been the level of violence witnessed for virtually its entire duration. Fighting has been conducted by regular armies, paramilitary groups, and terror cells. Casualties have not been restricted to the military, with a large loss of civilian life on both sides.

Isu utama

Status wilayah diduduki Israel
Saling mengiktiraf
Pelarian Palestin
Petempatan Israel
Keselamatan Israel
Pembahagian sumber alam
Perobohan rumah orang Palestin

Rujukan

^ Soalan Lazim OneVoice
^ Hamas won't go away, The Economist, 31 Januari 2008
^ Dershowitz, Alan. The Case for Peace: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005
^ Israel: The Alternative, The New York Review of Books, Jilid 50, Nombor 16, 23 Oktober 2003
^ Virginia Tilley, The One-State Solution, University of Michigan Press (24 Mei 2005), ISBN 0472115138
^
- Israel: The Financial Sources of the Hamas Terror Organization, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- USA: Country Reports on Terrorism 2005, US Department of State, April 2006
- European Union: COUNCIL DECISION of 21 December 2005, COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
^ New Mid-East peace drive launched, BBC News, 28 November 2007
^
- "It is understood that these negotiations shall cover remaining issues, including: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, security arrangements, borders, relations and cooperation with other neighbors, and other issues of common interest." (Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, Article V, Section 3, Oslo, September 13 1993)
- "In furtherance of the goal of two states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security, we agree to immediately launch good-faith bilateral negotiations in order to conclude a peace treaty, resolving all outstanding issues, including all core issues without exception, as specified in previous agreements." (Joint Understanding Read by President Bush at Annapolis Conference, Annapolis, November 27 2007)
- "As President Bush said, Prime Minister Olmert and President Abbas have agreed to an ambitious work plan to negotiate and resolve all outstanding issues, including all core issues, without exception, as specified in previous agreements, by the end of next year. These issues include borders, refugees, security, water, settlements, and Jerusalem." (Condoleezza Rice's Remarks at the Annapolis Conference, November 27 2007)

[1] Soalan Lazim OneVoice

[2] Hamas won't go away, The Economist, 31 Januari 2008

[Dershowitz-3] Dershowitz, Alan. The Case for Peace: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005

[4] Israel: The Alternative, The New York Review of Books, Jilid 50, Nombor 16, 23 Oktober 2003

[5] Virginia Tilley, The One-State Solution, University of Michigan Press (24 Mei 2005), ISBN 0472115138

[terror-6] 
Israel: The Financial Sources of the Hamas Terror Organization, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs

USA: Country Reports on Terrorism 2005, US Department of State, April 2006

European Union: COUNCIL DECISION of 21 December 2005, COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

[7] Israel: The Financial Sources of the Hamas Terror Organization, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs

[8] USA: Country Reports on Terrorism 2005, US Department of State, April 2006

[9] European Union: COUNCIL DECISION of 21 December 2005, COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

[7] New Mid-East peace drive launched, BBC News, 28 November 2007

[issues-8] 
"It is understood that these negotiations shall cover remaining issues, including: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, security arrangements, borders, relations and cooperation with other neighbors, and other issues of common interest." (Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, Article V, Section 3, Oslo, September 13 1993)

"In furtherance of the goal of two states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security, we agree to immediately launch good-faith bilateral negotiations in order to conclude a peace treaty, resolving all outstanding issues, including all core issues without exception, as specified in previous agreements." (Joint Understanding Read by President Bush at Annapolis Conference, Annapolis, November 27 2007)

"As President Bush said, Prime Minister Olmert and President Abbas have agreed to an ambitious work plan to negotiate and resolve all outstanding issues, including all core issues, without exception, as specified in previous agreements, by the end of next year. These issues include borders, refugees, security, water, settlements, and Jerusalem." (Condoleezza Rice's Remarks at the Annapolis Conference, November 27 2007)

[12] "It is understood that these negotiations shall cover remaining issues, including: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, security arrangements, borders, relations and cooperation with other neighbors, and other issues of common interest." (Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, Article V, Section 3, Oslo, September 13 1993)

[13] "In furtherance of the goal of two states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security, we agree to immediately launch good-faith bilateral negotiations in order to conclude a peace treaty, resolving all outstanding issues, including all core issues without exception, as specified in previous agreements." (Joint Understanding Read by President Bush at Annapolis Conference, Annapolis, November 27 2007)

[14] "As President Bush said, Prime Minister Olmert and President Abbas have agreed to an ambitious work plan to negotiate and resolve all outstanding issues, including all core issues, without exception, as specified in previous agreements, by the end of next year. These issues include borders, refugees, security, water, settlements, and Jerusalem." (Condoleezza Rice's Remarks at the Annapolis Conference, November 27 2007)

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@@ Baris 2: / Baris 2: @@
 '''Konflik Israel-Palestin''' merupakan satu pertikaian yang masih berlangsung antara [[Israel]] dan orang [[Arab]] [[Palestin]]. Konflik Israel-Palestin ini merupakan sebahagian daripada [[Konflik Arab-Israel]] yang lebih besar. Pada dasarnya, konflik kini merupakan pertikaian antara dua kumpulan mengenai tuntutan kawasan tanah yang sama.
-Banyak percubaan telah dibuat untuk membantu mencipta sebuah "[[penyelesaian dua negara]]" yang melibatkan penciptaan sebuah negara Palestin merdeka di samping Israel. Pada masa ini, kebanyakan orang Israel dan Palestin bersetuju bahawa sebuah penyelesaian dua negara merupakan cara yang terbaik untuk menamatkan konflik, menurut banyak tinjauan pendapat yang utama.<ref>[http://www.onevoicemovement.org/wps/portal/OVFAQs#q13 Soalan Lazim OneVoice]</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10608398&CFID=9255691&CFTOKEN=f4f1ee3ebdf03cfe-315784CD-B27C-BB00-012BEA62CA3765FD Hamas won't go away], ''The Economist'', [[31 Januari]] [[2008]]</ref> Kebanyakan orang Palestin melihatkan [[Tebing Barat]] dan [[Jalur Gaza]] sebagai sebahagian kawasan negara masa hadapan, suatu sudut pandangan yang juga diterima oleh kebanyakan orang Israel.<ref name="Dershowitz">[[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]]. ''The Case for Peace: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved''. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005</ref> Walaupun demikian, sebilangan ahli akademik yang kecil menyokong [[penyelesaian satu negara]], dengan semua kawasan Israel, Jalur Gaza, dan Tebing Barat menjadi sebuah [[Penyelesaian dwinegara|dwinegara]] dengan hak yang sama untuk semua penduduk.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16671 Israel: The Alternative], ''The New York Review of Books'', Jilid 50, Nombor 16, [[23 Oktober]] [[2003]]</ref><ref>Virginia Tilley, ''The One-State Solution'', University of Michigan Press ([[24 Mei]] [[2005]]), ISBN 0472115138</ref> Bagaimanapun, terdapat banyak percanggahan pendapat yang utama tentang bentuk persetujuan yang akhir serta tahap keandalan antara satu sama lain terhadap pendukungan komitmen asas masing-masing.
+Banyak percubaan telah dibuat untuk membantu mencipta sebuah "[[penyelesaian dua negara]]" yang melibatkan penciptaan sebuah negara Palestin merdeka di samping Israel. Pada masa ini, kebanyakan orang Israel dan Palestin bersetuju bahawa sebuah penyelesaian dua negara merupakan cara yang terbaik untuk menamatkan konflik, menurut banyak tinjauan pendapat yang utama.<ref>[http://www.onevoicemovement.org/wps/portal/OVFAQs#q13 Soalan Lazim OneVoice]</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10608398&CFID=9255691&CFTOKEN=f4f1ee3ebdf03cfe-315784CD-B27C-BB00-012BEA62CA3765FD Hamas won't go away], ''The Economist'', [[31 Januari]] [[2008]]</ref> Kebanyakan orang Palestin melihatkan [[Tebing Barat]] dan [[Jalur Gaza]] sebagai sebahagian kawasan negara masa hadapan, suatu sudut pandangan yang juga diterima oleh kebanyakan orang Israel.<ref name="Dershowitz">[[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]]. ''The Case for Peace: How the Arab-Israeli Conflict Can Be Resolved''. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005</ref> Walaupun demikian, sebilangan ahli akademik yang kecil menyokong [[penyelesaian satu negara]], dengan semua kawasan Israel, Jalur Gaza, dan Tebing Barat menjadi sebuah [[Penyelesaian dwinegara|dwinegara]] dengan hak yang sama untuk semua penduduk.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16671 Israel: The Alternative], ''The New York Review of Books'', Jilid 50, Nombor 16, [[23 Oktober]] [[2003]]</ref><ref>Virginia Tilley, ''The One-State Solution'', University of Michigan Press ([[24 Mei]] [[2005]]), ISBN 0472115138</ref> Bagaimanapun, terdapat banyak percanggahan pendapat yang utama tentang bentuk persetujuan yang akhir serta tahap keandalan kedua-dua pihak terhadap komitmen asas masing-masing.
-There are several domestic and international actors involved in the conflict. The direct negotiating parties are the [[Israeli government]] led by [[Ehud Olmert]] and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), headed by [[Mahmoud Abbas]]. The official negotiations are mediated by an international contingent known as the [[Quartet on the Middle East]] (the ''Quartet''), consisting of the [[United States]], [[Russia]], the [[European Union]], the [[United Nations]], and represented by a special envoy, currently [[Tony Blair]]. The [[Arab League]] is another important actor, which has proposed an [[Arab Peace Initiative|alternative peace plan]]. [[Egypt]], a founding member of the Arab League, has [[Foreign_relations_of_Egypt#Relations_in_the_Middle_East|historically been a key participant]].
+Terdapat banyak pemain dalam negeri serta pemain antarabangsa yang terbabit dalam konflik ini. Pihak perunding langsung ialah [[kerajaan Israel]] yang diketuai oleh [[Ehud Olmert]] dan [[Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin]] (PLO) yang diketuai oleh [[Mahmoud Abbas]]. Perundingan rasmi diantarakan oleh sebuah kontingen antarabangsa yang dikenali sebagai [[Kuartet Timur Tengah]] yang terdiri daripada [[Amerika Syarikat]], [[Rusia]], [[Kesatuan Eropah]], [[Pertubuhan Bangsa Bersatu]], dan diwakili oleh utusan khas yang kini merupakan [[Tony Blair]].  [[Liga Arab]] merupakan pemain yang penting yang telah mencadangan [[Inisiatif Kedamaian Arab|rancangan kedamaian alternatif]]. [[Mesir]], anggota pengasas Liga Arab, merupakan [[Hubungan luar negeri Mesir#Hubungan di Timur Tengah|peserta yang utama]] dari segi sejarah.
 Since 2006, the Palestinian side has been fractured by [[Fatah-Hamas conflict|conflict between the two major factions]]: [[Fatah]], the largest party, and [[Hamas]], an [[Islamist]] militant group. As a result, the territory controlled by the [[Palestinian National Authority]] (the Palestinian interim government) is split between Fatah in the West Bank, and Hamas in the Gaza strip. This has proved problematic as Hamas is considered a terrorist organization by Israel and many other countries<ref name="terror">