Keflatulenan: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Semakan pada 14:38, 3 Ogos 2008

Kentut merupakan kehadiran sebatian gas dalam saluran penceranaan mamalia yang merupakan hasil sampingan proses penceranaan. Campuran gas sedemikian dikenali sebagai kentut, dan dibebaskan melalui dubur.

Penjelasan

Kentut dibebaskan dengan tekanan melalui dubur, dengan mana, akibat otot sphincter dubur bertenang secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja. Ini membebaskan gas dari rektum bahagian bawah. Asasnya ini terjadi apabila tekanan kentut dalam rektummelampaui keupayaan sphincter dubur untuk menahankannya. Bergantung kepada keadaan semasa sphincter (tenang/tegang) dan kedudukan punggung, ini seringkali menghasilkan samaada bunyi bergemerisik atau bunyi trumpet, tetapi ia juga boleh berlaku secara senyap. Komponen bau (olfactory components) kentut termasuk sebatian skatole, indole, dan sulfur.[1] Gas tidak berbau kebanyakannya merupakan nitrogen (dihadam), karbon dioksida (dihasilkan oleh organisma aerobik atau dihadam), dan hidrogen (dihasilkan oleh mikrobe yang sama), termasuk juga sejumlah kecim oksigen (ditelan) dan methane (dihasilkan oleh organisma anaerobik).[2]

Kentut merupakan gas boleh terbakar, kerana kandungan methane dan hidrogen yang boleh terbakar, dan keduanya terdapat dalam kentut.

as being responsible for this effect.[3] Some legumes also stand up to prolonged cooking, which can help break down the oligosaccharides into simple sugars. Fermentation also breaks down oligosaccharides, which is why fermented bean products such as miso and tofu are less likely to produce as much intestinal gas[perlu rujukan]).

Probiotics (yogurt, kefir, etc.) are reputed to reduce flatulence when used to restore balance to the normal intestinal flora.[4] Yogurt contains Lactobacillus acidophilus which may be useful in reducing flatulence[perlu rujukan]). L. acidophilus may make the intestines more acidic, thus maintaining the natural balance of fermentation processes.[perlu rujukan] L. acidophilus is available in supplements (non-dairy is reputedly best[perlu rujukan]). Prebiotics, which generally are non-digestible oligosaccharides, such as fructooligosaccharide, generally increase flatulence in a similar way as described for lactose intolerance.[perlu rujukan]

Medicinal activated charcoal tablets (brand name CharcoCaps) have also been reported as effective in reducing both odor and quantity of flatus when taken immediately before food that is likely to cause flatulence later.[perlu rujukan]

Pharmacological

Digestive enzyme supplements may significantly reduce the amount of flatulence caused by some components of foods not being digested by the body and thereby promoting the action of microbes in the small and large intestines. It has been suggested that alpha-galactosidase enzymes, which can digest certain complex sugars, are effective in reducing the volume and frequency of flatus.[5] The enzymes alpha-galactosidase ), lactase, amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, glucoamylase, invertase, malt diastase, pectinase, and bromelain are available, either individually or in combination blends, in commercial products.

The antibiotic rifaximin, often used to treat diarrhea caused by the microorganism E. coli, may reduce both the production of intestinal gas and the frequency of flatus events.[6]

While not affecting the production of the gases themselves, surfactants (agents which lower surface tension) can reduce the disagreeable sensations associated with flatulence, by aiding the dissolution of the gases into liquid and solid fecal matter. [7] Preparations containing simethicone reportedly operate by promoting the coalescence of smaller bubbles into larger ones more easily passed from the body, either by burping or flatulence. Such preparations do not decrease the total amount of gas generated in or passed from the colon, but make the bubbles larger and thereby allowing them to be passed more easily.[7]

Often it may be helpful to ingest small quantities of acidic liquids with meals, such as lemon juice or vinegar, to stimulate the production of gastric hydrochloric acid. In turn, acid ingestion may increase normal gastric enzyme and acid production, facilitating normal digestion and perhaps limiting intestinal gas production. Ingestion of bromelain- or papain-containing supplements (such as raw pineapple or papaya, respectively,) may be helpful.[perlu rujukan]

Odor from flatulence, caused by the intestinal bacteria called microflora in the bowel, can be treated by taking bismuth subgallate. Bismuth subgallate is commonly used by individuals who have had ostomy surgery, bariatric surgery, fecal incontinence and irritable bowel syndrome.[8][9]

Post-Release

In 1998, Chester "Buck" Weimer of Pueblo, Colorado, USA received a patent for the first undergarment that contained a replaceable charcoal filter. The undergarments are air-tight and provide a pocketed escape hole in which a charcoal filter can be inserted.[10]

A similar product was released in 2002, but rather than an entire undergarment, consumers are able to purchase an insert similar to a pantiliner that contains activated charcoal.[11] The inventors, Myra and Brian Conant of Mililani, Hawaii, USA still claim on their website to have discovered the undergarment product in 2002 (8 years after Chester Weimer filed for a patent for his product), but states that their tests "concluded" that they should release an insert instead.[12]

Health effects

As a normal body function, the action of flatulence is an important signal of normal bowel activity and hence is often documented by nursing staff following surgical or other treatment of patients. However, symptoms of excessive flatulence can indicate the presence of irritable bowel syndrome or some other organic disease. In particular, the sudden occurrence of excessive flatulence together with the onset of new symptoms provide reason for seeking further medical examination.

Flatulence is not poisonous; it is a natural component of various intestinal contents. However, discomfort may develop from the build-up of gas pressure. In theory, pathological distension of the bowel, leading to constipation, could result if a person holds in flatulence.

Not all flatus is released from the body via the anus. When the partial pressure of any gas component of the intestinal lumen is higher than its partial pressure in the blood, that component enters into the bloodstream of the intestinal wall by the process of diffusion. As the blood passes through the lungs this gas can diffuse back out of the blood and be exhaled. If a person holds in flatus during daytime, it will often be released during sleep when the body is relaxed. Some flatus can become trapped within the feces during its compaction and will exit the body, still contained within the fecal matter, during the process of defecation.

Environmental impact

The flatulence of cows is only a small portion of cows' methane release. Cows burp methane due to the physiology of their digestive systems.

Flatulence is often blamed as a significant source of greenhouse gases owing to the erroneous belief that the methane released by livestock is in the flatus.[13] While livestock account for around 20% of global methane emissions,[14] 90-95% of that is released by exhaling or burping.[15] This means only 1–2% of global methane emissions come from livestock flatus.

Since New Zealand produces large amounts of agricultural produce it is in a unique position of having high methane emissions livestock compared to other greenhouse gas sources. The New Zealand government is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol and therefore attempts are being made to reduce greenhouse emissions. To achieve this an Agricultural emissions research levy was proposed and it promptly became known as a "fart tax" or sometimes a "flatulence tax". It encountered opposition from farmers, farming lobby groups and opposition politicians.

In Fresno, California, a system to harvest methane by-product from dairy cattle and convert it to usable bio-gas is being used, in a partnership with Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) and BioEnergy Solutions, in which BioEnergy Solutions sells the methane harvested from cows to PG&E, who then converts the methane to useable bio-gas, which is very similar to natural gas. [16]


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Sudut pandangan masyarakat

Dalam kebanyakn kebudayaan, kentut di depan umum dianggap memalukan tetapi bergantung kepada keadaan juga jenaka. Seseorang cenderung untuk cuba menahan melapsakan kentut ketika berada dalam kumpulan, atau cuba meletakkan mereka dalam keadaan untuk menyembunyikan bunyi dan bau. Bagi sesetengah budaya, ia tidak berbeza seperti batuk.

Sungguhpun kentut biasanya secara umum dianggap kejadian malang dalam situasi umum, kentut, dalam sesetengah keadaan digunakan sebagai tambahan kepada jenaka ("tarik jari dan saya kentut"), atau aktiviti jenaka dalam dirnya sendiri.

Rujukan

  1. ^ "Flatulence and wind". Patient UK. Dicapai pada 2006-12-11.
  2. ^ Suarez F (1997). "Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition". Am J Physiol. 272 (5 Pt 1): G1028–33. PMID 9176210. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)
  3. ^ "Study shows secret to gas-free beans". 2006-04-26. Dicapai pada 2007-09-10.
  4. ^ Rubin J. and J. Brasco, Restoring Your Digestive Health (2003).
  5. ^ Ganiats TG (1994). "Does Beano prevent gas? A double-blind crossover study of oral alpha-galactosidase to treat dietary oligosaccharide intolerance". J Fam Pract. 39: 441–5. PMID 7964541. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)
  6. ^ Di Stefano M (2000). "Non-absorbable antibiotics for managing intestinal gas production and gas-related symptoms". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 14: 1001–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00808.x. PMID 10930893. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)
  7. ^ a b Brecević L, Bosan-Kilibarda I, Strajnar F (1994). "Mechanism of antifoaming action of simethicone". J Appl Toxicol. 14 (3): 207–11. PMID 8083482.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Turnbull G (2005). "The Ostomy Files:The Issue of Oral Medications and a Fecal Ostomy". Ostomy/Wound Management. 51: 14–16.
  9. ^ "Colostomy Guide". 2006-01-04. Dicapai pada 2007-09-10.
  10. ^ Weimer, Chester (1997-01-14). "Protective underwear with malodorous flatus filter". Dicapai pada 2007-07-27.
  11. ^ Conant, Brian J. (2001-11-06). "Flatulence deodorizer". Dicapai pada 2007-09-10. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)
  12. ^ "Flat-D Innovations Inc.: About the American Inventor". Dicapai pada 2007-09-10.
  13. ^ ABC Southern Queensland: "Could skippy stop cows farting and end global warming?" Friday, 3 February 2006. Example of error. Although the article doesn't specify whether the methane is released by flatulence or eructation, it appears the headline-writer assumes it's through flatulence.
  14. ^ Nowak, Rachel (September 24, 2004). "Burp vaccine cuts greenhouse gas". New Scientist. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
  15. ^ "Bovine belching called udderly serious gas problem - Global warming concerns spur effort to cut methane." By Gary Polakovic. Los Angeles Times, Sunday, July 13, 2003.
  16. ^ "California converting cow dung into biogas." By Catherine Elsworth. Telegraph Media Group Limited, Friday, May 30, 2008.

Sumber bukan teknikal

  • Franklin, Benjamin (2003). Japikse, Carl (Ed.) (penyunting). Fart Proudly (ed. (Reprint)). Frog Ltd/Blue Snake. ISBN 1-58394-079-0.CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Dawson, Jim (1999). Who Cut the Cheese?: A Cultural History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-011-1.
  • Dawson, Jim (2006). Blame it on the Dog: A Modern History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-751-5.
  • D. von Schmausen. Official Rules, New World Odor International Freestyle Farting Championship. LULU. ISBN 978-1-4357-0919-5. Text "year 2002" ignored (bantuan)

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