Keflatulenan: Perbezaan antara semakan

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'''Keflatulenan''' atau '''flatulens''' merupakan kehadiran sebatian gas dalam saluran penceranaan [[mamalia]] yang merupakan hasil sampingan proses penceranaan. Campuran gas sedemikian dikenali sebagai '''kentut''', dan dibebaskan melalui dubur.
'''Keflatulenan''' atau '''flatulens''' merupakan kehadiran sebatian gas dalam saluran pencernaan [[mamalia]] yang merupakan hasil sampingan proses pencernaan. Campuran gas sedemikian dikenali sebagai '''kentut''', dan dibebaskan melalui dubur.


== Penjelasan ==
== Penjelasan ==
Kentut dibebaskan dengan tekanan melalui dubur, dengan mana, akibat otot sphincter dubur bertenang secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja. Ini membebaskan gas dari rektum bahagian bawah. Asasnya ini terjadi apabila tekanan kentut dalam rektummelampaui keupayaan sphincter dubur untuk menahankannya. Bergantung kepada keadaan semasa [[sphincter]] (tenang/tegang) dan kedudukan punggung, ini seringkali menghasilkan samaada bunyi bergemerisik atau bunyi trumpet, tetapi ia juga boleh berlaku secara senyap. Komponen bau (''olfactory components'') kentut termasuk sebatian [[skatole]], [[indole]], dan [[sulfur]].<ref>{{cite web
Kentut dibebaskan dengan tekanan melalui [[dubur]], dengan mana, akibat otot [[sfinkter dubur]] bertenang secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja. Ini membebaskan gas dari rektum bahagian bawah. Asasnya ini terjadi apabila tekanan kentut dalam rektum melampaui keupayaan sfinkter dubur untuk menahannya. Bergantung kepada keadaan semasa [[sfinkter]] (tenang/tegang) dan kedudukan punggung, ini seringkali menghasilkan sama ada bunyi bergemerisik atau bunyi trumpet, tetapi ia juga boleh berlaku secara senyap. Komponen olfaktori kentut termasuk sebatian [[skatole]], [[indola]] dan [[sulfur]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40000086/
|url=http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40000086/
|title=Flatulence and wind
|title=Flatulence and wind
|publisher=Patient UK
|publisher=Patient UK
|accessdate=2006-12-11
|accessdate=2006-12-11
}}</ref> Gas tidak berbau kebanyakannya merupakan [[nitrogen]] (dihadam), [[karbon dioksida]] (dihasilkan oleh organisma aerobik atau dihadam), dan [[hidrogen]] (dihasilkan oleh mikrobe yang sama), termasuk juga sejumlah kecim [[oksigen]] (ditelan) dan [[methane]] (dihasilkan oleh [[organisma anaerobik]]).<ref>{{cite journal| author=Suarez F| coauthors=Furne J, Springfield J, Levitt M| title=Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition| journal=Am J Physiol| year=1997| volume=272 (5 Pt 1)| pages=G1028–33|pmid=9176210 |doi= |url=http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=reprint&pmid=9176210}}</ref>
}}</ref> Gas tidak berbau kebanyakannya merupakan [[nitrogen]] (dihadam), [[karbon dioksida]] (dihasilkan oleh organisma aerobik atau dihadam), dan [[hidrogen]] (dihasilkan oleh mikrob yang sama), termasuk juga sejumlah kecil [[oksigen]] (ditelan) dan [[metana]] (dihasilkan oleh [[organisma anaerobik]]).<ref>{{cite journal| author=Suarez F| coauthors=Furne J, Springfield J, Levitt M| title=Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition| journal=Am J Physiol| year=1997| volume=272 (5 Pt 1)| pages=G1028–33|pmid=9176210 |doi= |url=http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=reprint&pmid=9176210}}</ref>


Kentut merupakan gas boleh terbakar, kerana kandungan methane dan hidrogen yang boleh terbakar, dan keduanya terdapat dalam kentut.
Kentut merupakan gas boleh terbakar, kerana metana dan hidrogen yang boleh terbakar, dan keduanya terdapat dalam kentut. Apa yang kurang diketahui ialah menyalakan mancis akan menghilangkan bau dari kentut. Ini kerana bau kentut datangnya dari hidrogen sulfida (dari makanan) yang akan terurai kepada wap air dan sulfur dioksida apabila diberi haba.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wendyzukerman.wordpress.com/ | title = Fighting Farts with Fire, by Wendy Zukerman | accessdate = 2008-6-6 | language = english | format = html | source = Webblog}}</ref>


== Kandungan gas kentut ==

<!----

Flatus is flammable, because methane and hydrogen are flammable gases, and they are both found in flatus. Less known, is that lighting a match will remove the odour from a flatus. The odour in flatulence comes from hydrogen sulphide (which comes from foods in people's diet). Upon lighting a match the hydrogen sulphide will decompose to form water (vapour) and sulphur dioxide. Removing the hydrogen sulphide also removes the odour. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://wendyzukerman.wordpress.com/ | title = Fighting Farts with Fire, by Wendy Zukerman | accessdate = 2008-6-6 | language = english | format = html | source = Webblog}}</ref>

== Composition of flatus gases ==
<!----
<!----
[[Nitrogen]] is the primary [[gas]] released during flatulence, along with [[Carbon dioxide]] which is present in higher quantities in those who drink [[carbonated beverages]] regularly. The lesser component gases [[Methane]] and [[hydrogen]] are [[flammable]], and so flatus containing adequate amounts of these can be [[Fart lighting|ignited]]. However, not all humans produce flatus that contains methane. For example, in one study of the [[feces]] of nine adults, only five of the samples contained [[archaea]] capable of producing methane.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Miller TL| coauthors=Wolin MJ, de Macario EC, Macario AJ| title=Isolation of Methanobrevibacter smithii from human feces| journal=Appl Environ Microbiol| year=1982| volume=43(1)| pages=227–32 |pmid=6798932 |pmc=241804 |doi= |url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6798932}}</ref> Similar results are found in samples of gas obtained from within the [[rectum]].
[[Nitrogen]] is the primary [[gas]] released during flatulence, along with [[Carbon dioxide]] which is present in higher quantities in those who drink [[carbonated beverages]] regularly. The lesser component gases [[Methane]] and [[hydrogen]] are [[flammable]], and so flatus containing adequate amounts of these can be [[Fart lighting|ignited]]. However, not all humans produce flatus that contains methane. For example, in one study of the [[feces]] of nine adults, only five of the samples contained [[archaea]] capable of producing methane.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Miller TL| coauthors=Wolin MJ, de Macario EC, Macario AJ| title=Isolation of Methanobrevibacter smithii from human feces| journal=Appl Environ Microbiol| year=1982| volume=43(1)| pages=227–32 |pmid=6798932 |pmc=241804 |doi= |url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6798932}}</ref> Similar results are found in samples of gas obtained from within the [[rectum]].
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===Dietary===
===Dietary===
{{Refimprove|section|date=April 2008}}
{{Refimprove|section|date=April 2008}}
Certain [[spice]]s have been reported to counteract the production of intestinal gas, most notably [[cumin]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, [[coriander]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, [[caraway]] and the closely related [[ajwain]], [[turmeric]], [[asafoetida]] (hing), [[epazote]], and [[kombu]] [[kelp]] (a Japanese [[seaweed]]).{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Most starches, including potatoes, corn, noodles, and wheat, produce gas as they are broken down in the large intestine. Rice is the only starch that does not cause gas.<ref>''[http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gas/index.htm Gas in the Digestive Tract]'' a publication of National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, part of the US National Institute of Health</ref> The amount of water-soluble [[oligosaccharide]] in beans that may contribute to production of intestinal gas is reputed to be reduced by a long period of soaking followed by boiling,{{Fact|date=March 2007}} but at a cost of also leaching out other water-soluble nutrients.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Also, intestinal gas can be reduced by fermenting the beans, and making them less gas-inducing, and/or by cooking them in the liquor from a previous batch{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. ''[[Lactobacillus casei]]'' and ''[[Lactobacillus plantarum]]'' have recently been hypothesized<!-- Never, never, NEVER EVER use the word "PROVEN" in a scientific article. Science hypothesizes, tests hypotheses, and accepts hypotheses that have not yet been DISproven. Science never proves anything! --> as being responsible for this effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows secret to gas-free beans|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060502110835/http://reuters.myway.com/article/20060426/2006-04-26T170153Z_01_N25328545_RTRIDST_0_ODD-BEANS-DC-DC.html|date=2006-04-26|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> Some [[legume]]s also stand up to prolonged cooking, which can help break down the oligosaccharides into simple sugars. [[fermentation (food)|Fermentation]] also breaks down oligosaccharides, which is why fermented bean products such as [[miso]] and [[tofu]] are less likely to produce as much intestinal gas{{Fact|date=March 2007}}).
Certain [[spice]]s have been reported to counteract the production of intestinal gas, most notably [[cumin]]{{Fact|date=February 2008}}, [[coriander]]{{Fact|date=February 2008}}, [[caraway]] and the closely related [[ajwain]], [[turmeric]], [[asafoetida]] (hing), [[epazote]], and [[kombu]] [[kelp]] (a Japanese [[seaweed]]).{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Most starches, including potatoes, corn, noodles, and wheat, produce gas as they are broken down in the large intestine. Rice is the only starch that does not cause gas.<ref>''[http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gas/index.htm Gas in the Digestive Tract]'' a publication of National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, part of the US National Institute of Health</ref> The amount of water-soluble [[oligosaccharide]] in beans that may contribute to production of intestinal gas is reputed to be reduced by a long period of soaking followed by boiling,{{Fact|date=March 2008}} but at a cost of also leaching out other water-soluble nutrients.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Also, intestinal gas can be reduced by fermenting the beans, and making them less gas-inducing, and/or by cooking them in the liquor from a previous batch{{Fact|date=March 2008}}. ''[[Lactobacillus casei]]'' and ''[[Lactobacillus plantarum]]'' have recently been hypothesized as being responsible for this effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows secret to gas-free beans|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060502110835/http://reuters.myway.com/article/20060426/2006-04-26T170153Z_01_N25328545_RTRIDST_0_ODD-BEANS-DC-DC.html|date=2006-04-26|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> Some [[legume]]s also stand up to prolonged cooking, which can help break down the oligosaccharides into simple sugars. [[fermentation (food)|Fermentation]] also breaks down oligosaccharides, which is why fermented bean products such as [[miso]] and [[tofu]] are less likely to produce as much intestinal gas{{Fact|date=March 2008}}).


[[Probiotic]]s ([[yogurt]], [[kefir]], etc.) are reputed to reduce flatulence when used to restore balance to the normal intestinal flora.<ref>Rubin J. and J. Brasco, ''Restoring Your Digestive Health'' (2003).</ref> Yogurt contains ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus]]'' which may be useful in reducing flatulence{{Fact|date=March 2007}}). ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus|L. acidophilus]]'' may make the intestines more acidic, thus maintaining the natural balance of fermentation processes.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus|L. acidophilus]]'' is available in supplements (non-dairy is reputedly best{{Fact|date=March 2007}}). [[Prebiotics]], which generally are non-digestible oligosaccharides, such as [[fructooligosaccharide]], generally increase flatulence in a similar way as described for lactose intolerance.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
[[Probiotic]]s ([[yogurt]], [[kefir]], etc.) are reputed to reduce flatulence when used to restore balance to the normal intestinal flora.<ref>Rubin J. and J. Brasco, ''Restoring Your Digestive Health'' (2003).</ref> Yogurt contains ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus]]'' which may be useful in reducing flatulence{{Fact|date=Mac 2008}}). ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus|L. acidophilus]]'' may make the intestines more acidic, thus maintaining the natural balance of fermentation processes.{{Fact|date=Mac 2008}} ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus|L. acidophilus]]'' is available in supplements (non-dairy is reputedly best{{Fact|date=Mac 2008}}). [[Prebiotics]], which generally are non-digestible oligosaccharides, such as [[fructooligosaccharide]], generally increase flatulence in a similar way as described for lactose intolerance.{{Fact|date=Mac 2008}}


Medicinal [[Activated carbon|activated charcoal]] tablets (brand name CharcoCaps) have also been reported as effective in reducing both odor and quantity of flatus when taken immediately before food that is likely to cause flatulence later.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
Medicinal [[Activated carbon|activated charcoal]] tablets (brand name CharcoCaps) have also been reported as effective in reducing both odor and quantity of flatus when taken immediately before food that is likely to cause flatulence later.{{Fact|date=Mac 2008}}


===Pharmacological===
===Pharmacological===
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</ref> Preparations containing [[simethicone]] reportedly operate by promoting the coalescence of smaller bubbles into larger ones more easily passed from the body, either by [[burp]]ing or flatulence. Such preparations do not decrease the total amount of gas generated in or passed from the colon, but make the bubbles larger and thereby allowing them to be passed more easily.<ref name="brecevic" />
</ref> Preparations containing [[simethicone]] reportedly operate by promoting the coalescence of smaller bubbles into larger ones more easily passed from the body, either by [[burp]]ing or flatulence. Such preparations do not decrease the total amount of gas generated in or passed from the colon, but make the bubbles larger and thereby allowing them to be passed more easily.<ref name="brecevic" />


Often it may be helpful to ingest small quantities of [[acid]]ic liquids with meals, such as [[lemon juice]] or [[vinegar]], to stimulate the production of [[gastric]] [[hydrochloric acid]]. In turn, acid ingestion may increase normal [[gastric enzyme]] and acid production, facilitating normal [[digestion]] and perhaps limiting intestinal gas production. Ingestion of [[bromelain]]- or [[papain]]-containing supplements (such as raw [[pineapple]] or [[papaya]], respectively,) may be helpful.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
Often it may be helpful to ingest small quantities of [[acid]]ic liquids with meals, such as [[lemon juice]] or [[vinegar]], to stimulate the production of [[gastric]] [[hydrochloric acid]]. In turn, acid ingestion may increase normal [[gastric enzyme]] and acid production, facilitating normal [[digestion]] and perhaps limiting intestinal gas production. Ingestion of [[bromelain]]- or [[papain]]-containing supplements (such as raw [[pineapple]] or [[papaya]], respectively,) may be helpful.{{Fact|date=Mac 2008}}


[[Odor]] from flatulence, caused by the intestinal bacteria called microflora in the bowel, can be treated by taking [[bismuth subgallate]]. [[Bismuth subgallate]] is commonly used by individuals who have had [[ostomy]] surgery, [[bariatric surgery]], [[fecal incontinence]] and [[irritable bowel syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal| author=Turnbull G| title=The Ostomy Files:The Issue of Oral Medications and a Fecal Ostomy| journal=Ostomy/Wound Management|year=2005| volume=51| pages=14–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Colostomy.asp|title=Colostomy Guide|date=2006-01-04|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref>
[[Odor]] from flatulence, caused by the intestinal bacteria called microflora in the bowel, can be treated by taking [[bismuth subgallate]]. [[Bismuth subgallate]] is commonly used by individuals who have had [[ostomy]] surgery, [[bariatric surgery]], [[fecal incontinence]] and [[irritable bowel syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal| author=Turnbull G| title=The Ostomy Files:The Issue of Oral Medications and a Fecal Ostomy| journal=Ostomy/Wound Management|year=2005| volume=51| pages=14–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Colostomy.asp|title=Colostomy Guide|date=2006-01-04|accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref>
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Sungguhpun kentut biasanya secara umum dianggap kejadian malang dalam situasi umum, kentut, dalam sesetengah keadaan digunakan sebagai tambahan kepada jenaka ("tarik jari dan saya kentut"), atau aktiviti jenaka dalam dirnya sendiri.
Sungguhpun kentut biasanya secara umum dianggap kejadian malang dalam situasi umum, kentut, dalam sesetengah keadaan digunakan sebagai tambahan kepada jenaka ("tarik jari dan saya kentut"), atau aktiviti jenaka dalam dirnya sendiri.


==Rujukan==
== Rujukan ==
{{wikisourcepar|Harper%27s_New_Monthly_Magazine/Vol. XLIV/No._261/February_1872/Editor%27s_Scientific_Recordujukan /Cure_of_Flatulence|A cure for flatulence from 1872}}
{{wikisourcepar|Harper%27s_New_Monthly_Magazine/Vol. XLIV/No._261/February_1872/Editor%27s_Scientific_Recordujukan /Cure_of_Flatulence|A cure for flatulence from 1872}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
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* {{cite book | author = D. von Schmausen | title = Official Rules, New World Odor International Freestyle Farting Championship | publisher = LULU | year 2002 | id = ISBN 978-1-4357-0919-5}}
* {{cite book | author = D. von Schmausen | title = Official Rules, New World Odor International Freestyle Farting Championship | publisher = LULU | year 2002 | id = ISBN 978-1-4357-0919-5}}


==Pautan luar ==
== Pautan luar ==
{{wiktionarypar2|flatus|flatulence}}
{{wiktionarypar2|flatus|flatulence}}
*[http://www.fartsurvey.com The Farting Survey (fartsurvey.com)] - a comprehensive, worldwide survey about farts and farting.
*[http://www.fartsurvey.com The Farting Survey (fartsurvey.com)] - a comprehensive, worldwide survey about farts and farting.
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*[http://www.freefarts.com Farts for websites] - Fart sounds that people may add to their websites.
*[http://www.freefarts.com Farts for websites] - Fart sounds that people may add to their websites.
*[http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/06/19/newzealand.gastax/ CNN - Farmers let rip on flatulence tax]
*[http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/06/19/newzealand.gastax/ CNN - Farmers let rip on flatulence tax]

<sub></sub>
<sub></sub>



[[Kategori:Kentut]]
[[Kategori:Kentut]]
[[Kategori:Methane]]
[[Kategori:Metana]]


[[ar:ضرطة]]
[[ar:ضرطة]]

Semakan pada 12:30, 2 September 2008

Keflatulenan atau flatulens merupakan kehadiran sebatian gas dalam saluran pencernaan mamalia yang merupakan hasil sampingan proses pencernaan. Campuran gas sedemikian dikenali sebagai kentut, dan dibebaskan melalui dubur.

Penjelasan

Kentut dibebaskan dengan tekanan melalui dubur, dengan mana, akibat otot sfinkter dubur bertenang secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja. Ini membebaskan gas dari rektum bahagian bawah. Asasnya ini terjadi apabila tekanan kentut dalam rektum melampaui keupayaan sfinkter dubur untuk menahannya. Bergantung kepada keadaan semasa sfinkter (tenang/tegang) dan kedudukan punggung, ini seringkali menghasilkan sama ada bunyi bergemerisik atau bunyi trumpet, tetapi ia juga boleh berlaku secara senyap. Komponen olfaktori kentut termasuk sebatian skatole, indola dan sulfur.[1] Gas tidak berbau kebanyakannya merupakan nitrogen (dihadam), karbon dioksida (dihasilkan oleh organisma aerobik atau dihadam), dan hidrogen (dihasilkan oleh mikrob yang sama), termasuk juga sejumlah kecil oksigen (ditelan) dan metana (dihasilkan oleh organisma anaerobik).[2]

Kentut merupakan gas boleh terbakar, kerana metana dan hidrogen yang boleh terbakar, dan keduanya terdapat dalam kentut. Apa yang kurang diketahui ialah menyalakan mancis akan menghilangkan bau dari kentut. Ini kerana bau kentut datangnya dari hidrogen sulfida (dari makanan) yang akan terurai kepada wap air dan sulfur dioksida apabila diberi haba.[3]

Kandungan gas kentut

Sudut pandangan masyarakat

Dalam kebanyakn kebudayaan, kentut di depan umum dianggap memalukan tetapi bergantung kepada keadaan juga jenaka. Seseorang cenderung untuk cuba menahan melapsakan kentut ketika berada dalam kumpulan, atau cuba meletakkan mereka dalam keadaan untuk menyembunyikan bunyi dan bau. Bagi sesetengah budaya, ia tidak berbeza seperti batuk.

Sungguhpun kentut biasanya secara umum dianggap kejadian malang dalam situasi umum, kentut, dalam sesetengah keadaan digunakan sebagai tambahan kepada jenaka ("tarik jari dan saya kentut"), atau aktiviti jenaka dalam dirnya sendiri.

Rujukan

  1. ^ "Flatulence and wind". Patient UK. Dicapai pada 2006-12-11.
  2. ^ Suarez F (1997). "Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition". Am J Physiol. 272 (5 Pt 1): G1028–33. PMID 9176210. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)
  3. ^ "Fighting Farts with Fire, by Wendy Zukerman" (html) (dalam bahasa english). Dicapai pada 2008-6-6. Unknown parameter |source= ignored (bantuan); Check date values in: |accessdate= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Sumber bukan teknikal

  • Franklin, Benjamin (2003). Japikse, Carl (Ed.) (penyunting). Fart Proudly (ed. (Reprint)). Frog Ltd/Blue Snake. ISBN 1-58394-079-0.CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Dawson, Jim (1999). Who Cut the Cheese?: A Cultural History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-011-1.
  • Dawson, Jim (2006). Blame it on the Dog: A Modern History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-751-5.
  • D. von Schmausen. Official Rules, New World Odor International Freestyle Farting Championship. LULU. ISBN 978-1-4357-0919-5. Text "year 2002" ignored (bantuan)

Pautan luar

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