Kebudayaan Islam

Kebudayaan Islam ialah istilah yang khususnya digunakan dalam akademia sekular untuk memerikan kesemua amalan kebudayaan yang sepunya kepada orang Islam daripada segi sejarah. Oleh sebab agama Islam berasal pada abad ke-6 di Semenanjung Arab, bentuk kebudayaan Muslim yang awal adalah lebih banyak daripada orang Arab. Dengan peluasan empayar-empayar Islam yang pesat, orang Islam berhubung dan menyerap kebudayaan-kebudayaan Parsi, Turki, Mongol, India, Melayu, Berber, dan Indonesia.

Percanggahan pendapat tentang istilah

"Kebudayaan Islam" pada dirinya merupakan sebuah istilah yang menimbulkan perbalahan. Orang Islam tinggal di banyak negara dan komuniti yang berbeza. Justera, mengasingkan apa yang menyatukan mereka selain daripada agama Islam adalah sesuatu perkara yang susah. Bagaimanapun, ahli akademik sekular tidak hendak mengakui masalah itu kerana mereka melihatkkan agama sebagai salah satu aspek antropologi dan sejarah budaya.

Marshall Hodgson, ahli sejarah Islam yang terkenal, memerhatikan kesulitan tersebut antara penggunaan agama dan penggunaan akademik sekular untuk perkataan bahasa Inggeris, "Islamic" (bersifat Islam) dan "Muslim", di dalam karya tiga-jilidnya, The Venture Of Islam (Penjelajahan Islam). Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, beliau mencadangkan bahawa kedua-dua istilah itu digunakan hanya untuk fenomena agama lalu mereka istilah "Islamicate" (Islamikat) untuk menandakan semua aspek kebudayaan orang Muslim sejarah. Bagaimanapun, cadangannya tidak pernah digunakan secara meluas, dengan kekeliruan penggunaan umum kedua-dua perkataan itu masih wujud.

Amalan dan kepercayaan agama

C.J. Whites menyatakan bahawa kebudayaan Islam umumnya merangkumi semua amalan yang berkembang dan berkisar pada agama Islam, baik amalan al-Quran seperti solat mahupun yang bukan daripada al-Quran seperti pembahagian dunia Islam. Di Bengal, kebudayaan Islam juga merangkumi tradisi Baul yang memudahkan pemelukan Islam secara aman di kebanyakan kawasannya.

Bahasa dan kesusasteraan

Lihat juga: Kesusasteraan Islam

Arab

Lihat juga: Kesusasteraan Arab

Kesusasteraan Islam awal adalah dalam bahasa Arab kerana bahasa itu merupakan bahasa komuniti-komuniti Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. di Mekah dan Madinah. Oleh sebab sejarah awal komuniti Islam menumpukan pengasasan agama Islam, hasil kesusasteraan mereka bersifat agama. Lihat rencana tentang al-Quran, Hadis, dan Sirah Rasul Allah yang merupakan sastera komuniti Islam yang terawal.

Dengan pembentukan Kerajaan Bani Ummaiyyah, kesusasteraan Muslim sekular dikembangkan (lihat Hikayat Seribu Satu Malam). Sedangkan ia tidak mempunyai sebarang kandungan agama, sastera sekular itu disebar oleh orang Arab ke seluruh pelosok empayar dan justera itu, menjadi sebahagian kebudayaan yang tersebar luas.

Parsi

Lihat juga: Kesusasteraan Parsi

Menjelang zaman empayar Abbasid, bahasa Parsi telah menjadi salah satu bahasa yang utama dalam tamadun Islam dan justera, kebanyakan sastera Islam yang paling terkenal merupakan sastera Parsi (lihat Persidangan Burung dan puisi Rumi).

Asia Selatan

Lihat juga: Kesusasteraan Bengali

Lihat juga: Kesusasteraan Urdu

Di Bengal, tradisi muzik rakyat, Baul, menghasilkan puisi asimilasi yang menggabungkan Sufisme dengan banyak imej tempatan. Pemuisinya yang paling terkenal ialah Hason Raja dan Lalon.

Zaman moden

Pada zaman moden, pengelasan penulis mengikut bahasa semakin tidak berguna. Karya Naguib Mahfouz, pemenang Hadiah Nobel Mesir, telah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris dan dibaca di seluruh dunia. Penulis-penulis yang lain seperti Orhan Pamuk menulis terus dalam bahasa Inggeris untuk mencapai lebih banyak pembaca antarabangsa.

Perayaan

Lihat rencana tentang Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Ashurah (lihat juga Hosay, dan Tabuik), Mawlid, Lailat al Miraj, dan Shab-e-baraat.

Nikah

Rencana utama: Nikah

Perkahwinan dalam Islam dianggap sebagai amat sangat penting. Nabi Muhammad s.a.w., nabi Islam yang terakhir, menyatakan bahawa "menikah adalah setengah daripada agama". Terdapat banyak hadis yang menyanjung pentingnya perkahwinan dan kekeluargaan.

Dalam Islam, nikah ialah ikatan undang-undang dan kontrak sosial antara seseorang lelaki dan seseorang perempuan, sebagaimana digalakkan oleh Syariat Islam.

Seni

Lihat juga: Seni Islam

"Wayang Kulit", the Indonesian art of shadow puppetry, reflects a melding of indigenous and Islamic sensibilities.

"Advice of the Ascetic", a 16th century Persian miniature housed in Tehran's Golestan Palace.

Islamic art, a part of the Islamic studies, has throughout history been mainly abstract and decorative, portraying geometric, floral, Arabesque, and calligraphic designs. Unlike the strong tradition of portraying the human figure in Christian art, Islamic art does not include depictions of living things, including human beings. The lack of portraiture is due to the fact that early Islam forbade the painting of human beings, including Muhammad, as Muslims believe this tempts them to engage in idolatry. This prohibition against human beings or icons is called aniconism. Over the past two centuries, especially given increased contact with Western civilization, this prohibition has relaxed to the point where only the most orthodox Muslims strongly oppose portraiture.

Islamic art is centered usually around Allah, and since Allah cannot be represented by imagery ["All you believe him to be, he is not"], geometric patterns are used. The patterns are similar to the Arabesque style, which also involves repeating geometric designs, but is not necessarily used to express ideals of order and nature.

Seni khat

Rencana utama: Seni khat Islam

Forbidden to paint living things and taught to revere the Qur'an, Islamic artists developed Arabic calligraphy into an art form. Calligraphers have long drawn from the Qur'an or proverbs as art, using the flowing Arabic language to express the beauty they perceive in the verses of Qur'an.

Seni mempertahankan diri

• Seni mempertahankan diri Cina Muslim
• Silat
• Pahlavani

Seni bina

Rencana utama: Seni bina Islam

The fortress-palace of Alhambra, a testament to the height of Islamic civilization in Europe, is one of Spain's most popular tourist attractions

Northeast entrance to Dehli's Jama Masjid.

Istanbul's Sultan Ahmed Mosque was completed in 1616

Fail:Kubadabad.jpg

Tile depiction of a peacock dating to the Ottoman Era, from Kubadabad Palace

Unsur gaya Islam

Islamic architecture may be identified with the following design elements, which were inherited from the first mosque built by Muhammad in Medina, as well as from other pre-Islamic features adapted from churches and synagogues.

• Large courtyards often merged with a central prayer hall (originally a feature of the Masjid al-Nabawi).
• Minarets or towers (which were originally used as torch-lit watchtowers for example in the Great Mosque of Damascus; hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic nur, meaning "light").
• a mihrab or niche on an inside wall indicating the direction to Mecca. This may have been derived from previous uses of niches for the setting of the torah scrolls in Jewish synagogues or the haikal of Coptic churches.
• Domes (the earliest Islamic use of which was in the eighth century mosque of Medina).
• Use of iwans to intermediate between different sections.
• Use of geometric shapes and repetitive art (arabesque).
• Use of decorative Arabic calligraphy.
• Use of symmetry.
• Ablution fountains.
• use of bright color.
• focus on the interior space of a building rather than the exterior.

Tafsiran

Common interpretations of Islamic architecture include the following:

• The concept of Allah's infinite power is evoked by designs with repeating themes which suggest infinity.
• Human and animal forms are rarely depicted in decorative art as Allah's work is matchless. Foliage is a frequent motif but typically stylized or simplified for the same reason.
• Calligraphy is used to enhance the interior of a building by providing quotations from the Qur'an.
• Islamic architecture has been called the "architecture of the veil" because the beauty lies in the inner spaces (courtyards and rooms) which are not visible from the outside (street view).
• Use of impressive forms such as large domes, towering minarets, and large courtyards are intended to convey power.

Muzik

Rencana utama: Muzik Islam

Islamic music is Muslim religious music, as sung or played in public services or private devotions. The classic heartland of Islam is Arabia and the Middle East, North Africa and Egypt, Iran, Central Asia, and northern India and Pakistan. Because Islam is a multicultural religion, the musical expression of its adherents is diverse. The indigenous musical styles of these areas have shaped the devotional music enjoyed by contemporary Muslims:

• Arab classical music
• Religious music in Iran
• North Indian classical music.

The Seljuk Turks, a nomadic tribe that converted to Islam, conquered Anatolia (now Turkey), and held the Caliphate as the Ottoman Empire, also had a strong influence on Islamic music. See:

• Muzik klasik Turki

Sub-Saharan Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the southern Philippines also have large Muslim populations, but these areas have had less influence than the heartland on the various traditions of Islamic music.

India Selatan: Lagu Mappila, Duff Muttu

All these regions were connected by trade long before the Islamic conquests of the 600s and later, and it is likely that musical styles traveled the same routes as trade goods. However, lacking recordings, we can only speculate as to the pre-Islamic music of these areas. Islam must have had a great influence on music, as it united vast areas under the first caliphs, and facilitated trade between distant lands. Certainly the Sufis, brotherhoods of Muslim mystics, spread their music far and wide.