Virus influenza A subjenis H1N1: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Influenza (Flu)
H1N1 virus
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Pandemik
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Virus influenza A (H1N1) merupakan satu subjenis influenzavirus A dan merupakan penyebab yang paling biasa bagi influenza (selesema) di kalangan. Sesetengah jenis H1N1 merupakan endemik dalam manusia dan menyebabkan segelintir daripada kesemua penyakit mirip influenza dan sebahagian besar daripada kesemua influenza kemusiman. Jenis-jenis H1N1 menyebabkan kira-kira separuh daripada kesemua jangkitan selesema manusia pada tahun 2006.[1] Jenis H1N1 yang lain merupakan endemik dalam babi (influenza babi) dan dalam burung (influenza burung).

Pada Jun 2009, Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia mengumumkan bahawa selesema yang disebabkan oleh jenis baru H1N1 berpuncakan babi bertanggungjawab bagi pandemik selesema 2009. Jenis ini sering digelar sebagai "selesema babi" oleh media awam.

Nomenclature

The various types of influenza viruses in humans. Solid squares show the appearance of a new strain, causing recurring influenza pandemics. Broken lines indicate uncertain strain identifications.[2]

Influenza A virus strains are categorized according to two proteins found on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). All influenza A viruses contain hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, but the structures of these proteins differ from strain to strain, due to rapid genetic mutation in the viral genome.

Influenza A virus strains are assigned an H number and an N number based on which forms of these two proteins the strain contains. There are 16 H and 9 N subtypes known in birds, but only H 1, 2 and 3, and N 1 and 2 are commonly found in humans.[3]

Spanish flu

Rencana utama: 1918 flu pandemic

The Spanish flu, also known as La Gripe Española, or La Pesadilla, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919. It is thought to be one of the most deadly pandemics in human history. It was caused by the H1N1 type of influenza virus.[4]

The 1918 flu caused an unusual number of deaths, possibly due to it causing a cytokine storm in the body.[5][6] (The current H5N1 bird flu, also an Influenza A virus, has a similar effect.)[7] The Spanish flu virus infected lung cells, leading to overstimulation of the immune system via release of cytokines into the lung tissue. This leads to extensive leukocyte migration towards the lungs, causing destruction of lung tissue and secretion of liquid into the organ. This makes it difficult for the patient to breathe. In contrast to other pandemics, which mostly kill the old and the very young, the 1918 pandemic killed unusual numbers of young adults, which may have been due to their healthy immune systems mounting a too-strong and damaging response to the infection.[2]

The term "Spanish" flu was coined because Spain was at the time the only European country where the press were printing reports of the outbreak, which had killed thousands in the armies fighting World War I. Other countries suppressed the news in order to protect morale.[8]

Russian flu

See Influenza A virus subtype H2N2#Russian flu for the 1889–1890 Russian flu

The more recent Russian flu was a 1977–1978 flu epidemic caused by strain Influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1). It infected mostly children and young adults under 23 because a similar strain was prevalent in 1947–57, causing most adults to have substantial immunity. The virus was included in the 1978–1979 influenza vaccine.[9][10][11][12]

2009 A(H1N1) pandemic

Illustration of influenza antigenic shift.
Rencana utama: 2009 flu pandemic

In the 2009 flu pandemic, the virus isolated from patients in the United States was found to be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses – North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe – "an unusually mongrelised mix of genetic sequences."[13] This new strain appears to be a result of reassortment of human influenza and swine influenza viruses, in all four different strains of subtype H1N1.

Preliminary genetic characterization found that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was similar to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999, but the neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M) genes resembled versions present in European swine flu isolates. The six genes from American swine flu are themselves mixtures of swine flu, bird flu, and human flu viruses.[14] While viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be circulating in humans or pigs, there is no formal national surveillance system to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S.[15]

On June 11, 2009, the WHO declared an H1N1 pandemic, moving the alert level to phase 6, marking the first global pandemic since the 1968 Hong Kong flu.[16]

Lihat juga

Catatan

  1. ^ "CDC".
  2. ^ a b Palese P (2004). "Influenza: old and new threats". Nat. Med. 10 (12 Suppl): S82–7. doi:10.1038/nm1141. PMID 15577936. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)
  3. ^ Lynch JP, Walsh EE (2007). "Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention". Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 28 (2): 144–58. doi:10.1055/s-2007-976487. PMID 17458769. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)
  4. ^ http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/bio/factsheets/H1N1factsheet.html
  5. ^ Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K; dll. (2007). "Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus". Nature. 445 (7125): 319–23. doi:10.1038/nature05495. PMID 17230189. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC; dll. (2006). "Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus". Nature. 443 (7111): 578–81. doi:10.1038/nature05181. PMC 2615558. PMID 17006449. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS; dll. (2002). "Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease?". Lancet. 360 (9348): 1831–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7. PMID 12480361. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Barry, John M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-89473-7.
  9. ^ CNN interactive health timeline box 1977: Russian flu scare
  10. ^ Time magazine article Invasion from the Steppes published February 20, 1978
  11. ^ Global Security article Pandemic Influenza subsection Recent Pandemic Flu Scares
  12. ^ State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin Bulletin No. 9 - April 21, 1978 - Russian flu confirmed in Alaska
  13. ^ "Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic". New Scientist. 2009-04-26. Dicapai pada 2009-04-26.
  14. ^ Susan Watts (2009-04-25). "Experts concerned about potential flu pandemic". BBC.
  15. ^ "Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children --- Southern California, March--April 2009". CDC MMWR. 2009-04-22.
  16. ^ Blippitt (2009-06-11). "H1N1 Pandemic - It's Official". N/A.

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