Asal Usul Spesies

On the Origin of Species
	Halaman judul edisi 1859; of On the Origin of Species
Umum
Pengarang	Charles Darwin
Negara	United Kingdom
Bahasa	Inggeris
Subjek	Pemilihan semula jadi; Biologi evolusi
Penerbitan
Penerbit	John Murray
Tarikh penerbitan	24 November 1859
Jenis media	Cetak (Kulit keras)
Kawalan kewibawaan
ISBN	ISBN N/A Invalid ISBN

Asal-Usul Spesies (bahasa Inggeris: On the Origin of Speciescode: en is deprecated ), karya Charles Darwin yang diterbitkan pada 28 November 1859, merupakan karya ilmiah yang dipandang sebagai asas ilmu biologi evolusi. Tajuk penuhnya ialah On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Mengenai Asal-Usul Spesies secara Pemilihan Semula Jadi, atau Pemeliharaan Ras-Ras Terpilih dalam Perjuangan Hidup). Mulai edisi keenamnya pada tahun 1872, judul pendeknya ditukar kepada The Origin of Species. Buku Darwin ini memperkenalkan satu teori bahawa setiap populasi mengalami evolusi selama turun-temurun melalui proses pemilihan semula jadi, dan membentangkan bukti-bukti bahawa kepelbagaian kehidupan di dunia berasal daripada keturunan yang sama melalui pola evolusi yang bercabang-cabang. Darwin menyertakan bukti yang dikumpulnya pada ekspedisi Beagle pada 1830-an dan penemuan-penemuan berikutnya hasil penyelidikan, kesepadanan, dan uji kaji.

Selama ini pernah diusulkannya berbagai-bagai gagasan evolusi untuk menerangkan penemuan baru dalam bidang biologi. Gagasan-gagasan sedemikian semakin disambut baik di kalangan para ahli anatomi yang bertelagah dan orang awam, namun pada separuh pertama abad ke-19, institusi sains Inggeris menjalin hubungan erat dengan Gereja England, manakala sains merupakan sebahagian teologi alam. Gagasan-gagasan transmutasi spesies menjadi kontroversi kerana bercanggah dengan kepercayaan bahawa spesies merupakan bahagian yang tidak boleh diubah dalam tatatingkat rekaan serta bahawa manusia adalah unik dan tiada pertalian darah dengan haiwan. Implikasi politik dan teologinya cukup hangat sekali diperbahaskan, namun gagasan transmutasi masih tidak diterima oleh arus perdana institusi sains ketika itu.

Buku yang dikarang untuk tatapan pembaca bukan pakar ini menarik perhatian meluas sebaik sahaja diterbitkan. Disebabkan Darwin merupakan seorang saintis tersohor, hasil kajiannya dipandang serius dan bukti-bukti yang dibentangkannya mencetuskan perbahasan sama ada dari segi sains, falsafah mahupun keagamaan. Perbahasan mengenai buku ini menyumbang kepada sebuah kempen yang dilancarkan oleh T.H. Huxley dan rakan-rakan seperjuangannya di X Club untuk mensekularkan sains dengan memupuk fahaman naturalisme sains. Dalam masa dua dekad, tercapainya persepakatan di kalangan kebanyakan ahli sains bahawa evolusi yang berpola cabang-cabang dari seketurunan ini sememangnya terjadi, namun para saintis masih teragak-agak untuk memberi kepentingan kepada pemilihan semula jadi yang diusulkan oleh Darwin. Ketika "gerhana Darwinisme" dari 1880-an hingga 1930-an, wujudnya pelbagai mekanisme evolusi lain yang disambut baik. Berikutan perkembangan sintesis evolusi moden pada 1930-an hingga 1940-an, konsep adaptasi melalui pemilihan semula jadi yang diusulkan oleh Darwin ini menjadi bahan terpenting dalam teori evolusi moden yang kini menjadi konsep penyatuan ilmu sains hayat.

Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

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Darwin, Charles (1845), Journal of Researches Into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited During the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Round the World, Under the Command of Captain Fitz Roy, R.N. (ed. 2nd), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-04-22
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Darwin, Charles (1871), [[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]] (ed. 1st), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-04-29 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
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Darwin, Charles (1958), Barlow, Nora (penyunting), [[The Autobiography of Charles Darwin]] 1809–1882. With the Original Omissions Restored. Edited and with Appendix and Notes by his Granddaughter Nora Barlow, London: Collins, dicapai pada 2009-01-09 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
Darwin, Charles; Costa, James T. (2009), The Annotated Origin: A Facsimile of the First Edition of On the Origin of Species Annotated by James T. Costa, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03281-1
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Bacaan selanjutnya[sunting | sunting sumber]

Janet Browne (2007). Darwin's Origin of Species: A Biography. ISBN 978-0-87113-953-5
David N. Reznick (2009) The Origin Then and Now: An Interpretive Guide to the Origin of Species ISBN 978-0-691-12978-5.

Ulasan semasa[sunting | sunting sumber]

Carpenter, William Benjamin (1859), "Darwin on the Origin of Species", National Review, jil. 10 no. December 1859, m/s. 188–214. Published anonymously.
Gray, Asa (1860), "(Review of) The Origin of Species", Athenaeum (1710: 4 August 1860): 161. Extract from Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4 (1860): 411–415.
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1859), "Time and Life: Mr Darwin's "Origin of Species"", Macmillan's Magazine, 1: 142–148.
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1859), "Darwin on the Origin of Species", The Times (26 December 1859): 8–9. Published anonymously.
Jenkin, Fleeming (1867), "(Review of) The Origin of Species", North British Review, 46 (June 1867): 277–318. Published anonymously.
Murray, Andrew (1860), "On Mr Darwin's Theory of the Origin of Species", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 4: 274–291.
Owen, Richard (1860), "Review of Darwin's Origin of Species", Edinburgh Review, 3 (April 1860): 487–532. Published anonymously.
Wilberforce, Samuel (1860), "(Review of) On the Origin of Species, by means of Natural Selection; or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life", Quarterly Review, 108 (215: July 1860): 225–264. Published anonymously.

For further reviews, see Darwin Online: Reviews & Responses to Darwin, Darwin Online, 10 March 2009, dicapai pada 2009-06-18

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online:
- Table of contents, bibliography of On the Origin of Species – links to text and images of all six British editions of The Origin of Species, the 6th edition with additions and corrections (final text), the first American edition, and translations into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Polish, Russian and Spanish.
- Online Variorum, showing every change between the six British editions.
The Origin of Species: An Outline, A short, accessible outline of the book.
Origin of Species, full text with embedded audio.
Victorian Science Texts
Darwin Correspondence Project Home Page, University Library, Cambridge.
PDF scans at Archive.org