Parti Whig (Amerika Syarikat)

Parti Whig adalah sebuah parti politik aktif pada pertengahan abad ke-19 di Amerika Syarikat. Ia muncul pada tahun 1830-an sebagai lawan utama kepada dasar-dasar pemerintah Parti Demokrat pimpinan Presiden Andrew Jackson (dari 1829 hingga 1837), lalu ia menarik banyak bekas anggota Republikan Nasional (salah satu parti kesinambungan Parti Demokratik-Republikan ) dan Parti Anti-Mason. Ia mempunyai beberapa pautan ke tradisi kelas lama Parti Federalist yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Ia adalah salah satu kuasa utama dalam Sistem Parti Kedua yang wujud dalam pemerintahan Amerika Syarikat dari awal 1840-an hingga pertengahan 1860-an;^[1] ia menjadi suatu parti rasmi namun lama kelamaan merosot pengaruh selepas 1854.

Ia sangat memihak kepada pihak yang terlibat dalam penggiatan perniagaan, bank, industri, pendidikan dan pemodenan sosial serta menentang kepimpinan presiden dan pengembangan wilayah; maka ia kerap mendapat perhatian dalam kalangan kelas menengah yang konservatif^[2] terutamanya usahawan, petani serta petempat bandar yang baru muncul, namun tidak banyak pada para petani atau pekerja tidak mahir. Parti ini banyak disokong ramai penganut bermazhab Protestan yang aktif menyuarakan penentangan moral terhadap penyingkiran bangsa peribumi yang dilakukan pemerintah Andrew Jackson. Sebanyak empat orang presiden telah dilantik daripada perwakilan dalam parti ini.

Parti ini tiada kaitan langsung dengan Parti Whig di United Kingdom^[3] - para pengasas parti ini lebih memilih nama tersebut kerana ia merupakan gelaran puak politik dalam jajahan Amerika British yang memberontak dan Tiga Belas Jajahan mereka sewaktu Perang Revolusi Amerika.

Keputusan pilihan raya[sunting | sunting sumber]

Tahun pilihan raya	Calon	Calon naib	Bil. undian	Peratusan undian, %	Jumlah kerusi diraih	+/-	Outcome of election
1836	William H. Harrison	Francis Granger	550,816	36.6	73 / 294	Baru	Kalah
	Hugh Lawson White	John Tyler	146,109	9.7	26 / 294
	Daniel Webster	Francis Granger	41,201	2.7	14 / 294
	Willie Person Mangum	John Tyler	0	0	11 / 294
1840	William H. Harrison	John Tyler	1,275,390	52.9	234 / 294	▲ 110	Menang
1844	Henry Clay	Theodore Frelinghuysen	1,300,004	48.1	105 / 275	▼ 129	Kalah
1848	Zachary Taylor	Millard Fillmore	1,361,393	47.3	163 / 290	▲ 58	Menang
1852	Winfield Scott	William Alexander Graham	1,386,942	43.9	42 / 296	▼ 121	Kalah
1856	Millard Fillmore^[a]	Andrew Jackson Donelson	873,053	21.5	8 / 296	▼ 34	Kalah

Perwakilan dalam Kongres Amerika Syarikat[sunting | sunting sumber]

Sidang Kongres	Tempoh	Senat^[4]					Dewan Perwakilan^[5]					Presiden
Sidang Kongres	Tempoh	Jumlah	Demokrat	Whig	Lain-lain	Kosong	Jumlah	Demokrat	Whig	Lain-lain	Kosong	Presiden
25th	1837–1839	52	35	17	—	—	242	128	100	14	—	Martin Van Buren
26th	1839–1841	52	30	22	—	—	242	125	109	8	—	Martin Van Buren
27th	1841–1843	52	22	29	—	1	242	98	142	2	—	John Tyler^[b]
28th	1843–1845	52	23	29	—	—	223	147	72	4		John Tyler^[b]
29th	1845–1847	58	34	22	—	2	228	142	79	7	—	James K. Polk
30th	1847–1849	60	38	21	1	—	230	110	116	4	—	James K. Polk
31st	1849–1851	62	35	25	2	—	233	113	108	11	1	Zachary Taylor^[c]
32nd	1851–1853	62	36	23	3	—	233	127	85	21	—	Millard Fillmore
33rd	1853–1855	62	38	22	2	—	234	157	71	6	—	Franklin Pierce

Nota

^ Fillmore and Donelson ran on the American Party ticket in the 1856 United States presidential election, though they were also nominated by a rump group of Whigs at the 1856 Whig National Convention.
^ Whig President William Henry Harrison died April 4, 1841, one month into his term, and was succeeded by John Tyler, who served for the remainder of the term. Tyler had been elected as vice president on the Whig ticket, but he became an independent after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.
^ President Taylor died July 9, 1850, about one year and four months into the term, and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore, who served for the remainder of the term.

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Holt (1999), p. 231.
^ Daniel Walker Howe (1979). The Political Culture of the American Whigs. m/s. 212.
^ Holt (1999), pp. 27–30.
^ "Party Division". United States Senate.
^ "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present". United States House of Representatives.

[4] Fillmore and Donelson ran on the American Party ticket in the 1856 United States presidential election, though they were also nominated by a rump group of Whigs at the 1856 Whig National Convention.

[7] Whig President William Henry Harrison died April 4, 1841, one month into his term, and was succeeded by John Tyler, who served for the remainder of the term. Tyler had been elected as vice president on the Whig ticket, but he became an independent after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.

[8] President Taylor died July 9, 1850, about one year and four months into the term, and was succeeded by Millard Fillmore, who served for the remainder of the term.

[1] Holt (1999), p. 231.

[2] Daniel Walker Howe (1979). The Political Culture of the American Whigs. m/s. 212.

[3] Holt (1999), pp. 27–30.

[5] "Party Division". United States Senate.

[6] "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present". United States House of Representatives.

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