Kritikan terhadap agama Kristian

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Simbol Agama Kristian

 
Yesus Kristus
Yesus Kristus  · Kelahiran  · Penyaliban  · Wafat  · Kebangkitan
Asas
Gereja  · Kerajaan  · Pegangan  · Perjanjian Baru
Alkitab
Wasiat Lama  · Wasiat Baru  · Injil  · Kanun  · Kitab  · Apokrifa
Teologi
Tuhan (Bapa  · Anak  · Roh Kudus)  · Apologetik  · Katolikisme  · Kristologi  · Misi  · Pembaptisan  · Sejarah teologi  · Penyelamatan  · Tritunggal
Sejarah dan tradisi
Pengikut  · Bunda Maria  · Santo Petrus  · Paulus si Hawari  · Bapa Gereja  · Awal  · Konstantinus Agung  · Persidangan  · Thomas Aquinas  · Perpecahan Timur-Barat  · Perang Salib  · Reformasi Protestan
Tajuk umum
Agama lain  · Kesarwabangsaan  · Kesenian  · Khutbah  · Kritikan  · Liturgi  · Muzik  · Simbolik  · Sembahyang  · Tahun gereja
Denominasi dan gerakan

Portal Kristian

Sepanjang sejarah Kristian, ramai telah mengkritik Kristian, gereja, dan Kristian s sendiri. Beberapa kritikan yang khusus menangani kepercayaan Kristian, ajaran-ajaran dan tafsiran kitab. Sambutan rasmi Kristian kepada kritikan itu digambarkan sebagai Kristian pembelaan suatu pendirian.

Beberapa bidang kritikan termasuk beberapa tuntutan kitab itu sendiri, etika tafsiran Alkitab yang telah digunakan dalam sejarah untuk menjustifikasikan sikap dan tingkah laku yang dilihat oleh pengkritik sebagai jelas nyata, soalan keserasian dengan sains, dan doktrin Kristian tertentu bahawa beberapa mendapati tidak menyenangkan atau tidak munasabah.

Kitab Suci[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kritikan Bible[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kritikan Bible, kritikan tertentu yang lebih tinggi, meliputi pelbagai kaedah yang digunakan sejak Pencerahan di awal abad ke-18 sebagai ulama mula untuk memohon kepada dokumen alkitabiah kaedah dan perspektif yang sama yang telah digunakan untuk lain-lainteks sastera dan falsafah.[1] Ia adalah istilah payung yang merangkumi pelbagai teknik yang digunakan terutamanya oleh ahli-ahli teologi Kristian Tali tambahan gelung kekili dan liberal untuk mengkaji makna petikan Bible. Ia menggunakan prinsip-prinsip sejarah umum, dan berdasarkan kepada sebab dan bukannya wahyu atau kepercayaan. Terdapat empat jenis utama kritikan Bible: borang, tradisional, kritikan yang lebih tinggi dan lebih rendah.[2]

  • Kritikan borang: "analisis dokumen sastera, terutamanya Bible, untuk mengetahui lebih awal lisan tradisi (kisah-kisah, legenda, mitos, dan lain-lain) yang telah mereka adalah berasaskan.
  • Kritikan Tradisi: "analisis Alkitab, menumpukan perhatian kepada bagaimana tradisi agama telah berkembang dan berubah mengikut jangka masa di mana teks itu ditulis.
  • Kritikan Tinggi: "kajian sumber-sumber dan kaedah sastera yang digunakan oleh pengarang alkitab.[3]

References[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ Browning, W.R.F. "[/doc/1O94-biblicalcriticism.html Biblical criticism.]" A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 8 Apr. 2010 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>
  2. ^ Robinson, B.A. "Biblical Criticism, including Form Criticism, Tradition Criticism, Higher Criticism, etc." Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2008. Web: 8 Apr 2010. Biblical Criticism, including Form Criticism, Tradition Criticism, Higher Criticism, etc.
  3. ^ Mather, G.A. & L.A. Nichols, "Dictionary of Cults, Sects, Religions and the Occult," Zondervan (1993) (quoted in Robinson, B.A. "Biblical Criticism, including Form Criticism, radition Criticism, Higher Criticism, etc." Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2008. Web: 8 Apr 2010. http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_hcri.htm

Further reading[sunting | sunting sumber]

Skeptical of Christianity[sunting | sunting sumber]

  • Shourie, A. (1994). Missionaries in India: Continuities, changes, dilemmas. New Delhi: ASA Publications.
  • Goel, S. R. (1996). History of Hindu-Christian encounters, AD 304 to 1996. ISBN 8185990352
  • Madhya Pradesh. (1998). Vindicated by time: The Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities. New Delhi: Voice of India.
  • A Rationalist Encyclopaedia: A book of reference on religion, philosophy, ethics and science, Gryphon Books (1971).
  • Breaking the Spell, by Daniel Dennett
  • Civilization and its discontents, by Sigmund Freud
  • Death and Afterlife, Perspectives of World Religions, by Hiroshi Obayashi
  • Einstein and Religion, by Max Jammer
  • From Jesus to Christianity, by L. Michael White
  • Future of an illusion, by Sigmund Freud
  • Letter to a Christian Nation, by Sam Harris
  • Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why, by Bart Ehrman
  • Out of my later years and the World as I see it, by Albert Einstein
  • Russell on Religion, by Louis Greenspan (Includes most all of Russell's essays on religion)
  • The Antichrist, by Friedrich Nietzsche
  • The God Delusion, by Richard Dawkins
  • The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God, by Carl Sagan
  • Understanding the Bible, by Stephen L Harris
  • Where God and Science Meet [Three Volumes]: How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter Our Understanding of Religion, by Patrick McNamara
  • Why I am not a Christian and other essays, by Bertrand Russell
  • Why I Became an Atheist: A Former Preacher Rejects Christianity, by John W. Loftus (Prometheus Books, 2008)
  • The Christian Delusion,edited by John W. Loftus, foreword by Dan Barker (Prometheus Books, 2010)
  • The End of Christianity,edited by John W. Loftus (Prometheus Books, 2011)
  • The Historical Evidence for Jesus, by G.A.Wells (Prometheus Books, 1988)
  • The Jesus Puzzle, by Earl Doherty (Age of Reason Publications, 1999)
  • The encyclopedia of Biblical errancy, by C.Dennis McKinsey (Prometheus Books, 1995)
  • godless, by Dan Barker (Ulysses Press 2008)
  • The Jesus Mysteries by Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy (Element 1999)
  • The reason driven life by Robert M. Price (Prometheus Books, 2006)
  • The case against the case for Christ by Robert M. Price (American atheist press 2010)
  • God, the failed hypothesis by Victor J. Stenger (Prometheus Books, 2007)
  • Jesus never existed by Kenneth Humphreys (Iconoclast Press, 2005)

Defending Christianity[sunting | sunting sumber]

External links[sunting | sunting sumber]

General[sunting | sunting sumber]

Skeptical[sunting | sunting sumber]

From other religions[sunting | sunting sumber]

Apologetic[sunting | sunting sumber]

Debates[sunting | sunting sumber]