Muslihat
Muslihat ialah satu tindakan yang meyakinkan seseorang atau ramai penerima maklumat yang tidak benar. Orang yang mencipta penipuan itu tahu ia palsu manakala penerima maklumat itu tidak.[1] Ia sering dilakukan untuk keuntungan peribadi atau kelebihan.[2][3]
Penipuan dan ketidakjujuran juga boleh menjadi alasan untuk litigasi sivil dalam tort, atau undang-undang kontrak (di mana ia dikenali sebagai salah nyata atau salah nyata penipuan jika disengajakan), atau menimbulkan pendakwaan jenayah atas penipuan.[4]
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ↑ Daly, John A.; Wiemann, John M. (2013-01-11). Strategic Interpersonal Communication (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-56375-1.
- ↑ "Definition of 'deception' – English Dictionary". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada September 5, 2019. Dicapai pada November 11, 2018.
- ↑ "Definition of 'deceive'". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada April 21, 2019. Dicapai pada November 11, 2018.
- ↑ "Deception".
Sumber umum dan petikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- American Psychological Association – Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct Diarkibkan Ogos 20, 2013, di Wayback Machine. (2010). Retrieved February 7, 2013.
- Bassett, Rodney L.; Basinger, David; & Livermore, Paul. (1992, December). Lying in the Laboratory: Deception in Human Research from a Psychological, Philosophical, and Theological Perspectives. ASA3.org
- Baumrind, D. (1964). Some thoughts on ethics of research: After reading Milgram's "Behavioral Study of Obedience." American Psychologist, 19(6), 421–423. Retrieved February 21, 2008, from the PsycINFO database.
- Behrens, Roy R. (2002). False colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 978-0-9713244-0-4.
- Behrens, Roy R. (2009). Camoupedia: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage. Bobolink Books. ISBN 978-0-9713244-6-6.
- Blechman, Hardy; Newman, Alex (2004). DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material. DPM Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9543404-0-7.
- Bröder, A. (1998). Deception can be acceptable. American Psychologist, 53(7), 805–806. Retrieved February 22, 2008, from the PsycINFO database.
- Caddell, Joseph (December 2004). Deception 101 – Primer (PDF). Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada September 6, 2021. Dicapai pada December 21, 2025.
- Christensen, L (1988). "Deception in psychological research: When is its use justified?". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 14 (4): 664–675. doi:10.1177/0146167288144002. S2CID 145114044.
- Cohen, Fred. (2006). Frauds, Spies, and Lies and How to Defeat Them. ASP Press. ISBN 978-1-878109-36-1.
- Dresser, R. S. (1981). Deception research and the HHS final regulations. IRB: Ethics and Human Research, 3(4), 3–4. Retrieved February 21, 2008, from the JSTOR database.
- Edelman, Murray Constructing the political spectacle 1988
- Edelman, Murray (2001). The Politics of Misinformation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80510-0..
- Kimmel, A. J. (1998). "In defense of deception". American Psychologist, 53(7), 803–805. Retrieved February 22, 2008, from the PsycINFO database.
- Latimer, Jon (2001). Deception in War. John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5605-0.
- Milgram, S. (1963). "Behavioral study of obedience". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378. Retrieved February 25, 2008 from the PsycARTICLES database.
- Ortmann, A. & Hertwig, R. (1998). "The question remains: Is deception acceptable?" American Psychologist, 53(7), 806–807. Retrieved February 22, 2008, from the PsycINFO database.
- Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., & Zechmeister, J. S. (2006). Research Methods in Psychology (Seventh Edition). Boston: McGraw Hill.
- Bruce Schneier, Secrets and Lies
- Robert Wright, The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. Vintage, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76399-6.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Robert, W.; Thompson, Nicholas S., eds., Deception. Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit. New York: State University of New York Press.
- Kopp, Carlo, Deception in Biology: Nature's Exploitation of Information to Win Survival Contests. Monash University, October 2011.
- "Scientists Pick Out Human Lie Detectors", NBC News/Associated Press
Pautan luar
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Takrifan kamus bagi muslihat di Wikikamus
Kategori berkaitan Deception di Wikimedia Commons
Petikan kata berkaitan Muslihat di Wikipetik
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