Operasi Larangan Terbang

Operasi Larangan Terbang
	Sebahagian daripada Campur tangan NATO di Bosnia
	; Sebuah pesawat F-15C sedang diperiksa oleh anggota penyelenggaraan di Pangkalan Udara Aviano semasa Opreasi Larangan Terbang
Tarikh	12 April 1993 – 20 Disember 1995
Lokasi	Bosnia dan Herzegovina; Croatia
Keputusan	Operasi ditukarkan kepada Operasi Deliberate Force
Pihak yang terlibat
NATO	Republik Srpska
Komandan dan pemimpin
Jeremy M. Boorda (1993–1994) ; Leighton W. Smith (1994–1995)	Radovan Karadžić ; Ratko Mladić
Kerugian dan korban
1 x pesawat Mirage 2000 Perancis terhempas di Laut Adriatik, juruterbang diselamatkan; 1 x pesawat BAE Sea Harrier ditembak jatuh; 1 x pesawat F-16C ditembak jatuh; 1 x pesawat F/A-18C Hornet terhempas di Laut Adriatik membunuh juruterbangnya; 2 x MQ-1 Predator musnah ; 1 x Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion rosak; Beratus-ratus POWs	5 x J-21 Jastreb musnah; 1 x depoh peluru musnah; 2 x pos arahan musnah; 1 x landasan terbang rosak; 4 x tapak peluru berpandu SA-6 musnah; Beberapa kenderaan berperisai rosak

Operasi Larangan Terbang adalah satu operasi Perjanjian Pertubuhan Atlantik Utara (NATO) yang bermula pada 12 April 1993 untuk menguatkuasa zon larangan terbang Pertubuhan Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) di ruang udara Bosnia dan Herzegovina. PBB dan NATO kemudian meluaskan misi operasi merangkumi sokongan udara dekat untuk pasukan PBB di Bosnia dan melaksanakan serangan udara ke atas sasaran-sasaran di Bosnia. Dua belas anggota NATO telah menyumbangkan tentera dalam operasi ini, yang mana berkahir pada 20 Disember 1995. Para juruterbang NATO melakukan 100,420 serangan udara.

Operasi ini memainkan peranan penting dalam mencorak Perang Bosnia dan NATO. Operasi ini menandakan perlawanan tempur pertama^[10] dalam sejarah NATO, di mana pada pertempuran udara di Banja Luka berlaku pada 28 Februari 1994, dan pada April 1994, pesawat pertama NATO mengebom sasaran darat dalam satu operasi berdekatan Goražde. Pertempuran ini membantu NATO untuk menerima era selepas Perang Dingin dan mampu beroperasi dalam persekitaran lain selain pertempuran di dataran Eropah Tengah. Kerjasama antara PBB dan NATO semasa operasi ini juga membuka jalan bagi operasi di masa depan. Meskipun ia membantu mewujudkan hubungan PBB-NATO, Operasi Larangan Terbang membawa konflik antara dua buah organisasi ini. Antaranya, ketegangan yang timbul antara kedua-duanya selepas pasukan pengaman PBB ditahan sebagai tawanan sebagai tindak balas ke atas pengeboman oleh NATO.

Operasi Larangan Terbang berlangsung selama lebih dua tahun dalam Perang Bosnia dan memainkan peranan penting dalam semasa konflik. Operasi zon larangan terbang membuktikan kejayaan penggunaan kuasa udara oleh mana-mana pihak dalam konflik ini. Tambahan lagi, serangan udara yang dilancarkan semasa Operasi Larangan Terbang mengakibatkan penubuhan Operasi Deliberate Force, satu kempen pengeboman besar-besaran NATO di Bosnia yang memainkan peranan penting dalam mengakhiri perang.

Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]

Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ NATO enforcing no-fly zone in Bosnia^{[pautan mati kekal]} Associated Press, 13 April 1993
^ Cook, Nick (1 March 2002). "Plus ca change ..? NATO aircraft are still particularly vulnerable to attack from certain forms of guided missiles". Interavia Business & Technology. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-11-04. Dicapai pada 2017-09-23.
^ "F-18 Hornet ejection history". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-01-19. Dicapai pada 2017-09-23.
^ U.S. Jet Crashes in Adriatic, Pilot Dies
^ Evan Thomas (19 June 1995). "An American Hero". Newsweek. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-06-08. Dicapai pada 2017-09-23.
^ West flexes muscle, Karadzic warns against action
^ ^a ^b ^c Ripley, Tim (2001). Conflict in the Balkans, 1991–2000. Osprey Publishing, pp. 21–24.ISBN 1-84176-290-3
^ ^a ^b Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan AFSOUTH tidak disediakan
^ Air pictorial: journal of the Air League, Volume 57. Air League of the British Empire, 1995
^ Conflict in the Balkans: NATO Craft Down 4 Serb Warplanes Attacking Bosnia

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Buku[sunting | sunting sumber]

Beale, Michael (1997). Bombs over Bosnia: The Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery: Air University Press. OCLC 39892597.
Boot, Max (2006). War Made New. New York: Gotham Books. ISBN 1-59240-222-4. OCLC 69104262.
Bucknam, Mark (2003). Responsibility of Command. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University Press. ISBN 1-58566-115-5. OCLC 52199670.
Burg, Steven; Shoup, Paul (1999). The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Armonk: M.E. Sharper. ISBN 1-56324-308-3. OCLC 44955248.
Davis, Bradley (2000). "The Planning Background". Deliberate Force. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University Press. ISBN 1-58566-076-0. OCLC 43095788.
Foster, Edward (1995). NATO's Military in the Age of Crisis Management. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies. ISBN 0-85516-099-3. OCLC 32775929.
Holbrooke, Richard (1999). To End a War. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75360-5. OCLC 40545454.
Moore, Rebecca (2007). NATO's New Mission. Westport: Praeger Security International. ISBN 0-275-99296-9. OCLC 74966600.
National Defense University (April 1997). Allied command structures in the new NATO. National Defense University Press. ISBN 1-57906-033-1.
Ripley, Tim (2001). Conflict in the Balkans, 1991–2000. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-290-3.
Rohde, David (1997). A Safe Area, Srebrenica: Europe's Worst Massacre Since the Second World War. London: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-00499-9. OCLC 37329422.

Artikel[sunting | sunting sumber]

Allin, Dana (2002). NATO's Balkan Interventions. Adelphi Paper 347. International Institute for Strategic Studies. ISBN 0-19-851676-2.
"Bosnian Serb leader parlays with Carter, promises peace moves". Deutsche Presse-Agentur. December 15, 1994.
Cohen, Roger (November 22, 1994). "NATO, Expanding Bosnia Role, Strikes a Serbian Base in Croatia". The New York Times.
Cohen, Roger (December 9, 1995). "Serbs Release 55 Canadians But Renew Attack on Enclave". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2009-04-28.
"Deny Flight shootdown may put USAF on the offensive". Jane's Defence Weekly. June 24, 1995.
"Flexing Joint Muscle: Mixed air groups aboard carriers". Jane's Navy International. December 1997.
Gordon, Michael (April 11, 1994). "Conflict in the Balkans: NATO; Modest Air Operation in Bosnia Crosses a Major Political Frontier". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2009-02-17.
Gordon, Michael (April 5, 1994). "No 'Green Light' for Serb Attacks, Clinton Says". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2009-02-17.
Gordon, Michael R. (1 March 1994). "Conflict in the Balkans: NATO Craft Down 4 Serb Warplanes Attacking Bosnia". The New York times. Dicapai pada 2012-11-17.
Leurdijk, Dick (1997). "Before and after Dayton: The UN and NATO in the former Yugoslavia". Third World Quarterly.
Owen, Robert (Summer 1997). "The Balkans Air Campaign Study: Part 1". Airpower Journal.
"RAF Harriers could add teeth to RN carriers". Jane's Defense Weekly. June 26, 1996.
"Ratko Mladic's very personal war". BBC World Service. July 26, 2008. Dicapai pada 2009-03-08.
Safire, William (November 23, 1995). "Essay: Biting Bosnia's Bullet". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2009-02-16.
Cohen, Roger (29 August 1995). "Shelling Kills Dozens in Sarajevo; U.S. Urges NATO to Strike Serbs". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2012-11-16.
Simmons, Dean (May 1997). "Air operations over Bosnia". United States Naval Institute Proceedings.
Slick, Anthony (May 1995). "Working the swing role into the 21st century--The F/A-18D". Marine Corps Gazette.
Spence, Mike (October 2000). "Lessons for combined rules of engagement". United States Naval Institute. Proceedings.
Starr, Barbara (August 14, 1993). "Deny Flight forces poised for Bosnia strikes". Jane's Defence Weekly.
Starr, Barbara (January 28, 1995). "The Jane's Interview". Jane's Defence Weekly.
Sudetic, Chuck (November 19, 1994). "Napalm and Cluster Bombs Dropped on Bosnian Town". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2009-04-28.
Williams, Daniel; Devroy, Ann (December 15, 1994). "Carter Undertakes Bosnia Peace Initiative". The Washington Post.
Wallander, Celeste (Autumn 2000). "Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO After the Cold War". International Organization. (subscription required for viewing)

Sumber tapak sesawang[sunting | sunting sumber]

"Operation Deny Flight". AFSOUTH Fact Sheets. NATO Regional Headquarters Allied Forces Southern Europe. Dicapai pada 2011-04-17.
"Resolution 816" (PDF). United Nations Security Council Resolutions. UN Security Council. Dicapai pada 2009-02-17.

Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

"AFSOUTH Fact sheets: Operation Deny Flight". Regional Headquarters Allied Forces Southern Europe. Allied Joint Force Command Naples. 18 July 2003. Dicapai pada 2011-04-17.
"Military: Operation Deny Flight". GlobalSecurity.org. 27 April 2005. Dicapai pada 2009-02-18.

[mir-1] NATO enforcing no-fly zone in Bosnia^{[pautan mati kekal]} Associated Press, 13 April 1993

[2] Cook, Nick (1 March 2002). "Plus ca change ..? NATO aircraft are still particularly vulnerable to attack from certain forms of guided missiles". Interavia Business & Technology. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-11-04. Dicapai pada 2017-09-23.

[3] "F-18 Hornet ejection history". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2012-01-19. Dicapai pada 2017-09-23.

[4] U.S. Jet Crashes in Adriatic, Pilot Dies

[5] Evan Thomas (19 June 1995). "An American Hero". Newsweek. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-06-08. Dicapai pada 2017-09-23.

[6] West flexes muscle, Karadzic warns against action

[tim-7] Ripley, Tim (2001). Conflict in the Balkans, 1991–2000. Osprey Publishing, pp. 21–24.ISBN 1-84176-290-3

[AFSOUTH-8] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; teks bagi rujukan AFSOUTH tidak disediakan

[9] Air pictorial: journal of the Air League, Volume 57. Air League of the British Empire, 1995

[10] Conflict in the Balkans: NATO Craft Down 4 Serb Warplanes Attacking Bosnia

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