Orang-orang Kelt

Orang-orang Kelt^[a] merupakan beberapa kumpulan kelompok etnik Indo-Eropah^[1] yang berkongsi kebudayaan dan ciri-ciri bahasa-bahasa Kelt.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Pada masa kini, orang-orang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan beberapa kelompok etnik dengan kebudayaan dan bahasa-bahasanya, di Kepulauan British, daerah Bretagne di Perancis dan daerah Galicia di Sepanyol yang turut berkongsi ciri-ciri menyerupai orang-orang Kelt asal.^{[perlu rujukan]} Walau bagaimanapun, pada masa silam, mereka tidak semestinya dianggap berkait dengan orang-orang Kelt oleh orang luar (puak atau negara dari tanah besar daerah Kelt, seperti Gaul dan Belgium, diketahui berpindah ke kepulauan British, seperti Atrebates, Menapii, dan Parisi, dan menyumbang kepada pembentukan penduduk Celt).^{[perlu rujukan]} Kajian DNA moden (seperti yang dilakukan oleh UCL) menunjukkan bahawa penduduk England kini sebahagian besarnya ialah keturunan Kelt/British kuno, sungguhpun England ketiadaan bahasa Kelt yang terselamat. Keadaan yang sama juga berlaku di Scotland, bahasa Gaelic terbatas kebanyakannya pada pinggir utara dan barat.^{[perlu rujukan]}

Orang-orang ini mula disebutkan dengan nama Κελτοί Keltoi (puak tersorok) dalam bahasa Yunani Purba yang dicatat oleh Hekataios dari Miletos, seorang sejarawan Yunani yang menggambarkan sekelompok yang menduduki kawasan terangkum dalam Marseille moden pada tahun 517 Sebelum Masihi.^[6]^[7] Ia mungkin diturunkan daripada akar*kel-o- dalam bahasa Proto-Kelt.^[8]

Nota-nota

^ Bahasa Ireland: Ceiltigh, Bahasa Gaelik Scotland: Ceilteach, bahasa Wales: Celtiaid, Breton: Kelted; bahasa Inggeris: Celts

Rujukan

^ Mac Cana Dillon. "The Celts, an ancient Indo-European people, reached the apogee of their influence and territorial expansion during the 4th century BC, extending across the length of Europe from Britain to Asia Minor."; Puhvel, Fee & Leeming 2003, halaman 67. "[T]he Celts, were Indo-Europeans, a fact that explains a certain compatibility between Celtic, Roman, and Germanic mythology."; Riché 2005, halaman 150. "The Celts and Germans were two Indo-European groups whose civilizations had some common characteristics."; Todd 1975, halaman 42. "Celts and Germans were of course derived from the same Indo-European stock."; Encyclopedia Britannica. Celt. "Celt, also spelled Kelt, Latin Celta, plural Celtae, a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium bce to the 1st century bce spread over much of Europe."
^ Drinkwater 2012, halaman 295. "Celts, a name applied by ancient writers to a population group occupying lands mainly north of the Mediterranean region from Galicia in the west to Galatia in the east. (Its application to the Welsh, the Scots, and the Irish is modern.) Their unity is recognizable by common speech and common artistic traditions.
^ Waldman & Mason 2006, halaman 144. "Celts, in its modern usage, is an encompassing term referring to all Celtic-speaking peoples."
^ Encyclopedia Britannica. Celt. "Celt, also spelled Kelt, Latin Celta, plural Celtae, a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium bce to the 1st century bce spread over much of Europe. Their tribes and groups eventually ranged from the British Isles and northern Spain to as far east as Transylvania, the Black Sea coasts, and Galatia in Anatolia and were in part absorbed into the Roman Empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, and Celtiberians. Linguistically they survive in the modern Celtic speakers of Ireland, Highland Scotland, the Isle of Man, Wales, and Brittany.
^ Koch, John T. (2005). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. m/s. xix–xxi. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0. Dicapai pada 9 June 2010. This Encyclopedia is designed for the use of everyone interested in Celtic studies and also for those interested in many related and subsidiary fields, including the individual CELTIC COUNTRIES and their languages, literatures, archaeology, folklore, and mythology. In its chronological scope, the Encyclopedia covers subjects from the HALLSTATT and LA TENE periods of the later pre-Roman Iron Age to the beginning of the 21st century.
^ Milisauskas, Sarunas (2002). European prehistory: a survey. Springer. m/s. 363. ISBN 978-0-306-47257-2. Dicapai pada 7 June 2010.
^ Rankin, H. David (1998). Celts and the Classical World. Routledge. m/s. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-415-15090-3. Dicapai pada 7 June 2010.
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic. Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. Leiden; Boston: Brill. m/s. 199. ISBN 978-90-04-17336-1.

Sumber-sumber

Cunliffe, Barry. The Ancient Celts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0198150105.
James, Simon. The Atlantic Celts - Ancient People Or Modern Invention? University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, August 1999. ISBN 0299166740.
Kruta,V., O. Frey, Barry Raftery and M. Szabo. eds. The Celts. Thames & Hudson: New York, 1991. ISBN 0847821935.
Laing, Lloyd. The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland c. 400--1200 AD. 1975.
Powell, T. G. E. The Celts. Thames and Hudson: New York, 1980. third ed. 1997. ISBN 0500272751.
Ward-perkins, Bryan. "Why Did The Anglo-Saxons Not Become More British?" English Historical Review, June 2000.
Weale, M. Y Chromosome Evidence For Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration. Society For Molecular Biology And Evolution. 2002
Article On Study Re Celtic Population Cristian Capelli, David Goldstein and others at University College London. https://web.archive.org/web/20120125165821/http://www.iht.com/cgi-bin/generic.cgi?template=articleprint.tmplh&ArticleId=97790

Rencana sejarah ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Bahasa Ireland: Ceiltigh, Bahasa Gaelik Scotland: Ceilteach, bahasa Wales: Celtiaid, Breton: Kelted; bahasa Inggeris: Celts

[Indo-European-2] Mac Cana Dillon. "The Celts, an ancient Indo-European people, reached the apogee of their influence and territorial expansion during the 4th century BC, extending across the length of Europe from Britain to Asia Minor."; Puhvel, Fee & Leeming 2003, halaman 67. "[T]he Celts, were Indo-Europeans, a fact that explains a certain compatibility between Celtic, Roman, and Germanic mythology."; Riché 2005, halaman 150. "The Celts and Germans were two Indo-European groups whose civilizations had some common characteristics."; Todd 1975, halaman 42. "Celts and Germans were of course derived from the same Indo-European stock."; Encyclopedia Britannica. Celt. "Celt, also spelled Kelt, Latin Celta, plural Celtae, a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium bce to the 1st century bce spread over much of Europe."

[Drinkwater_Definition-3] Drinkwater 2012, halaman 295. "Celts, a name applied by ancient writers to a population group occupying lands mainly north of the Mediterranean region from Galicia in the west to Galatia in the east. (Its application to the Welsh, the Scots, and the Irish is modern.) Their unity is recognizable by common speech and common artistic traditions.

[WM_Definition-4] Waldman & Mason 2006, halaman 144. "Celts, in its modern usage, is an encompassing term referring to all Celtic-speaking peoples."

[EB_Definition-5] Encyclopedia Britannica. Celt. "Celt, also spelled Kelt, Latin Celta, plural Celtae, a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium bce to the 1st century bce spread over much of Europe. Their tribes and groups eventually ranged from the British Isles and northern Spain to as far east as Transylvania, the Black Sea coasts, and Galatia in Anatolia and were in part absorbed into the Roman Empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, and Celtiberians. Linguistically they survive in the modern Celtic speakers of Ireland, Highland Scotland, the Isle of Man, Wales, and Brittany.

[Koch_encyclopedia-6] Koch, John T. (2005). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. m/s. xix–xxi. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0. Dicapai pada 9 June 2010. This Encyclopedia is designed for the use of everyone interested in Celtic studies and also for those interested in many related and subsidiary fields, including the individual CELTIC COUNTRIES and their languages, literatures, archaeology, folklore, and mythology. In its chronological scope, the Encyclopedia covers subjects from the HALLSTATT and LA TENE periods of the later pre-Roman Iron Age to the beginning of the 21st century.

[7] Milisauskas, Sarunas (2002). European prehistory: a survey. Springer. m/s. 363. ISBN 978-0-306-47257-2. Dicapai pada 7 June 2010.

[8] Rankin, H. David (1998). Celts and the Classical World. Routledge. m/s. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-415-15090-3. Dicapai pada 7 June 2010.

[9] Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic. Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. Leiden; Boston: Brill. m/s. 199. ISBN 978-90-04-17336-1.

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