Orang Kashmir
Kashmiris कश्मीरी लोग ٲشِرؠ لوٗکھ காஷ்மீரிகள் | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Kawasan ramai penduduk | |
 India | 6,797,587[1] |
 Pakistan | 3,330,000 |
| Bahasa | |
| Kashmiri, Urdu[2], Hindi | |
| Agama | |
| Majoriti': Islam (Sunni majoriti, Shia minoriti) Minoriti: | |
Orang Kashmir (sebutan Kashmir: [kəːʃirʲ]) ialah satu Kumpulan etnolinguistik Indo-Arya[3] yang bertutur dalam Bahasa Kashmir dan berasal dari Lembah Kashmir, sebuah wilayah yang terletak di kawasan tadbiran India, Jammu dan Kashmir.
Bahasa
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bahasa Kashmir merupakan salah satu daripada 22 Bahasa Rasmi India [4] [5]
Krams (Nama)
[sunting | sunting sumber]Hindu Kasmiri juga dikenali sebagai Pandit.[6] Manakala yang beragama islam dikenali sebagai Muslim Kashmiri.[7] Muslim Kasmiri adalah keterunan Hindu Kasmiri yang telah menukar agama kepada Islam. Walaupun menukar agama, Islam Kasmir masih mengekalkan nama keluarga sama. Nama keluarga ini menunjukan kerja mereka dan tempat asal mereka.[6]
- Bhat, Bhatt or Butt[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
- Dhar/Dar[9][10][11][17][18][13]
- Pandit[10][17][12][18][13][19][14]
- Kaul[20]
- Raina[6][21][18][12][17]
- Kak[17][21]
- Kachru[17][18][13][15][16]
- Kichlu[21]
- Mantu/Mantoo/Mintoo[11][13]
- Fotedar[17][18][9]
- Haksar[21][12]
- Handoo[21][13]
- Parimoo[12][15][16]
- Mattoo[13][21][12][17]
- Rajguru
- Bhan[17][21]
- Bazaz[21][12]
- Bakshi[21]
- Rather[11]
- Razdan[17][21]
- Munshi[17][21][12]
- Sapru[17][21][20]
- Thussu[21][17][18]
- Tikoo[21][17]
- Zutshi[21]
- Magre/Magray[11]
- Yatoo[11]
- Wali[12][21]
- Wanchoo[21]
- Wazir[21]
- Madan[17][18]
- Wani[22]
- Lone[11]
- Mir[23]
- Ganai[11]
- Tantray[11]
- Parray[11]
Culture
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Music
[sunting | sunting sumber]Antara musik Tradisional kasmir adalah Sufi Kalam, Wanvun, Chakri, Henzae, and Ladishah.
Tarian tradisional secara umumnya dinarikan oleh golongan wanita semasa majlis khas seperti perkhawinan dan perayaan.[24]
Masakan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Daging dan Nasi amat terkenal dengan Kashmiri. Nasi dianggap sebagai Makanan ruji mereka..[25][26]
Antara minuman terkenal ialah Noon Chai dan Kahweh.
Wazwan adalah makanan khas yang dimasak oleh chef khas yang dipanggil sebagai Wazas.
Sheermal, Bakarkhani , Lavas , Tsochwor dan Kulche merupakan makanan bakeri dan roti terkenal di Kashmir[27]
See also
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Notes
[sunting | sunting sumber]References
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "Abstract Of Speakers' Strength of Languages And Mother Tongues – 2011" (PDF). Census India (.gov). 2011. Diarkibkan (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 15 August 2020. Dicapai pada 17 March 2020.
- ^ Khanday, A., Aabid M, Sheikh,(2018) Urdu Language in Kashmir: A Tool of Assimilation or Means towards Segregation?, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH CULTURE SOCIETY, vol 2,no 12. "Urdu being an alien language for all regions of the state does not have too many people considering it as their mother tongue in the state. This is despite the fact that most people understand and speak the language in Jammu and Kashmir."
- ^ Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012). Jammu and Kashmir (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Springer. m/s. 14. ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6.
- ^ "Scheduled Languages of India". Central Institute of Indian Languages. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 24 May 2007. Dicapai pada 2 June 2007.
- ^ "The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (India)" (PDF). General Administrative Department of the Government of Jammu & Kashmir (India). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 7 May 2012. Dicapai pada 2 June 2007.
- ^ a b c Brower, Barbara; Johnston, Barbara Rose (2016). Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-43039-3.
Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat brahmins, known by the exonym Pandit (the endonym being Batta), a term first reserved for emigrant Kashmiri brahmins in Mughal service. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, Teng).
Ralat petik: Tag<ref>tidak sah, nama ":74" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza - ^ Census of India, 1941. 22. m/s. 9. Dicapai pada 30 December 2016.
The Muslims living in the southern part of the Kashmir Province are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and are usually designated Kashmiri Muslims; those of the Muzaffarabad District are partly Kashmiri Muslims, partly Gujjar and the rest are of the same stock as the tribes of the neighbouring Punjab and North West Frontier Province districts.
- ^ The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52. The Survey. 2003. Dicapai pada 2 December 2010.
The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.
- ^ a b c Explore Kashmiri Pandits. Dharma Publications. ISBN 978-0-9634798-6-0. Dicapai pada 2 December 2010.
- ^ a b c Brower, Barbara; Johnston, Barbara Rose (2016). Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-43039-3. Dicapai pada 14 July 2023.
Sheikh: local converts, subdivided into numerous subgroups. Most largely retain their family names, or patronyms (kram), indicating their original profession, locality or community-such as Khar (carpenter), Pampori (a place), Butt and Pandit (Brahmin), Dar (kshatriya)-but with increasing Islamization, some have dropped these.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63. Indian History Congress. 2003. m/s. 867. Dicapai pada 30 December 2016.
...the Muslims also retained their Hindu caste-names known as Krams e.g. Tantre, Nayak, Magre, Rather, Lone, Bat, Dar, Parray, Mantu, Yatoo.....
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Ahmad, Khalid Bashir (23 June 2017). Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative (dalam bahasa Inggeris). SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-93-86062-81-9. Dicapai pada 5 April 2023.
One would come across among Muslims of Kashmir any number of surnames that are equally common among the Pandits. Among these are Bhat, Raina, Nath, Langoo, Malla, Bazaz, Saraf, Munshi, Watal, Wali, Khar, Shangloo, Nehru, Gagar, Kharoo, Aga, Jalali, Peer, Pandit, Parimoo and Mattoo.
- ^ a b c d e f g Clements, William M.; Green, Thomas A. (2006). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East (dalam bahasa English). Greenwood Press. m/s. 60. ISBN 978-0-313-32849-7.
A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, Kichlu, Matoo and Pandit persist in Muslim families.
CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ a b Dhar, Nazir Ahmad (2002). "Social Distribution of Linguistic Variants in Kashmiri Speech". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 62/63: 46. ISSN 0045-9801. JSTOR 42930603.
The surnames like Bhat, Pandit, Munshi, Dhar, Dar, Handoo, Kakroo, etc. characterize aboriginal affinity
- ^ a b c Anwar, Tarique; Bhat, Rajesh (23 February 2008). "Kashmiryat in Kashmiri surnames" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Two Circles. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 26 February 2008. Dicapai pada 9 July 2023.
Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Kaul, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir!
- ^ a b c Kaul, Upendra (4 September 2020). "My name is Khan, and I'm Kaul" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Greater Kashmir. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 5 April 2023. Dicapai pada 9 July 2023.
Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lawrence, Sir Walter Roper (2005). The Valley of Kashmir (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Asian Educational Services. m/s. 304. ISBN 978-81-206-1630-1.
Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names:— Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu.
- ^ a b c d e f g Raina, Mohini Qasba (13 November 2014). Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Partridge Singapore. m/s. 55. ISBN 978-1-4828-9945-0. Dicapai pada 5 April 2023.
Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sipru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dhar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu. Of these the members of the Dhar family have probably been the most influential.
- ^ Sharma, Dhruv Dev (2005). Panorama of Indian Anthroponomy: An Historical, Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Analysis of Indian Personal Names (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Mittal Publication. ISBN 978-81-8324-078-9. Dicapai pada 5 May 2023.
In Kashmiri, the Pandit surname is attested with Muslims as well, e.g. Mohd Shafi Pandit, Charman J & K Public Service Commission.
- ^ a b Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in conflict. I.B. Tauris & Co. m/s. 4. ISBN 1-86064-898-3. Dicapai pada 25 June 2012.
...looms rose to 24,000 by 1813. Despite the religious oppression that many Hindus were subjected, they were however, useful to the Afghans because of their administrative experience. Kashmiri Pandits were not prevented into entering into government service & there were some families whose names consistently appear in public service - the Dhars, Kauls, Tikkus & Saprus.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Agrawal, Premendra (20 August 2014). Accursed & Jihadi Neighbour (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Commercial Services. m/s. 86. ISBN 978-81-930512-0-7. Dicapai pada 5 April 2023.
Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, Bakshi, Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/Wanchu, Gamkhwar, Kakh, Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo.
- ^ Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012). Jammu and Kashmir (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Springer. m/s. 14. ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6.
- ^ "Scheduled Languages of India". Central Institute of Indian Languages. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 24 May 2007. Dicapai pada 2 June 2007.
- ^ Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012). Jammu and Kashmir (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Springer. m/s. 14. ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6.
- ^ Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012). Jammu and Kashmir (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Springer. m/s. 14. ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6.
- ^ "Scheduled Languages of India". Central Institute of Indian Languages. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 24 May 2007. Dicapai pada 2 June 2007.
- ^ Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012). Jammu and Kashmir (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Springer. m/s. 14. ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6.