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Parsi Safawiyah

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Wilayah Terpelihara Iran
ممالک محروسه ایران (Parsi)
Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân
1501–1736
Bendera Empayar Safawiyah
Peta Parsi Safawiyah dan sekitarnya
Peta Parsi Safawiyah dan sekitarnya
StatusEmpayar
Ibu negara
Bahasa yang umum digunakan
Agama
Islam Syiah (agama negara)[18][d]
Islam Sunni
Majusi
Kristian
Yahudi
KerajaanPemerintahan beraja
Shahanshah 
• 1501–1524
Ismail I (pertama)
• 1732–1736
Abbas III (terakhir)
Wazir Besar 
• 1501–1507
Amir Zakariya (pertama)
• 1729–1736
Nader Qoli Beg (terakhir)
Badan perundanganDewan Negara
Era SejarahMasa moden awal
1301
• Didirikan
22 Disember[19] 1501
• Serangan Hotak
1722
• Penaklukan semula di bawah Nader Shah
1726–1729
• Dibubarkan
8 Mac 1736
• Nader Shah bermahkota
8 Mac 1736[20]
Keluasan
1630[21]2,900,000 km2 (1,100,000 bt2)
Populasi
• 1650[22]
8 juta hingga 10 juta
Mata wangTuman, Abbasi (termasuk Abazi), Shahi[23]
  • 1 Tuman = 50 Abbasi
  • 1 Tuman = 50 livre Perancis
  • 1 Tuman = £3 6s 8d
Didahului oleh		 Diganti oleh
Aq Qoyunlu
Dinasti Afrasiyab
Empayar Timuriyah
Mihrabanid
Shirvanshah
Dinasti Kar-Kiya
Mar'ashis
Baduspanids
Afshariyah Parsi
Dinasti Hotak
Empayar Rusia
Empayar Uthmaniyah

Wilayah Terpelihara Iran, (ممالک محروسهٔ ایران, Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân) yang biasanya dikenali sebagai Iran Safawiyah, Parsi Safawiyah atau Empayar Safawiyah, adalah salah satu empayar Iran terbesar dan paling lama bertahan. Empayar ini diperintah dari tahun 1501 hingga 1736 oleh Wangsa Safawiyah.[25][26][27][28] Ia sering dianggap sebagai permulaan sejarah moden Iran, serta salah satu empayar mesiu.[29][30] Shah Ismā'īl I Safawiyah menetapkan mazhab Syiah Dua Belas Imam sebagai agama rasmi empayar, yang menandakan salah satu titik perubahan terpenting dalam sejarah Islam.[31]

Dinasti Iran yang berakar pada tarekat Sufi Safawiyah[32] yang diasaskan oleh para syekh yang menurut beberapa sumber berasal dari etnik Kurdi,[33] dinasti ini banyak melakukan perkahwinan campur dengan para bangsawan Turkoman,[34] Georgia,[35] Circassia,[36][37] dan Pontus Yunani,[38] serta bertutur dalam bahasa Turki dan mengalami proses pengturkian.[39] Dari pangkalan mereka di Ardabil, dinasti Safawiyah menguasai sebahagian wilayah Iran Raya dan menegaskan kembali identiti Iran di kawasan tersebut,[40] menjadikannya dinasti tempatan pertama sejak Bani Buwayh yang mendirikan negara kebangsaan yang secara rasmi dikenali sebagai Iran.[41]

Kumpulan utama yang menyumbang kepada penubuhan negara Safawiyah ialah Qizilbash,[42][43] satu istilah Turki yang bermaksud 'kepala merah', iaitu suku-suku Turkoman.[44] Sementara itu, etnik Iran memainkan peranan dalam birokrasi dan hal-ehwal kebudayaan.[45]

Dinasti Safawiyah memerintah dari tahun 1501 hingga 1722 (dengan pemulihan singkat pada 1729–1736 dan 1750–1773) dan, pada zaman kegemilangannya, menguasai seluruh wilayah yang kini merangkumi Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia timur, sebahagian Kaukasus Utara termasuk Rusia, dan Iraq, serta sebahagian wilayah Turki, Syria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, dan Uzbekistan.

Walaupun berakhir pada 1736, warisan yang ditinggalkan mereka adalah kebangkitan Iran sebagai kuasa ekonomi antara Timur dan Barat, penubuhan negara dan birokrasi yang berkesan berasaskan prinsip ‘semak dan imbangan’, inovasi seni bina, serta penaungan seni rupa.[29] Dinasti Safawiyah juga meninggalkan kesan yang berkekalan hingga ke era kini dengan menetapkan Syiah Dua Belas Imam sebagai agama rasmi Iran, serta menyebarkan Islam Syiah di sebahagian besar wilayah Timur Tengah, Asia Tengah, Kaukasus, Anatolia, Teluk Parsi, dan Mesopotamia.[29][31]

Dalam sejarah Iran pasca-penaklukan Muslim ke atas Parsi, dinasti Safawiyah dianggap sebagai titik perubahan. Setelah berabad-abad diperintah oleh raja-raja bukan Iran, negara ini menjadi kuasa merdeka di dunia Islam.[46] Setelah bertahan dalam berabad-abad pemerintahan yang berpecah-belah pasca-kejatuhan Empayar Sassaniyah pada tahun 651, Parsi akhirnya dipersatukan di bawah panji Safawiyah.[47]

Catatan

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  1. ^ Bahasa rasmi,[2] duit syiling,[3][4] pentadbiran awam,[5] mahkamah (sejak Isfahan menjadi modal),[6] sastera,[3][5][7] wacana teologi,[3] surat-menyurat diplomatik, pensejarahan,[8] jawatan agama berasaskan mahkamah,[9] syair[10]
  2. ^ Mahkamah,[11][12][13] pembesar agama, tentera,[8][14][15][16] bahasa ibunda,[8] syair.[8]
  3. ^ Mahkamah.[17]
  4. ^ Cawangan: Syiah 12
    Mazhab Fiqah:: Ja'fari

Rujukan

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  1. ^ "... the Order of the Lion and the Sun, a device which, since the 17 century at least, appeared on the national flag of the Safavids the lion representing 'Ali and the sun the glory of the Shiʻi faith", Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ, J. M. Rogers, Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, Courtauld Institute of Art, Heaven on earth: Art from Islamic Lands: Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection, Prestel, 2004, p. 178.
  2. ^ Roemer 1986, m/s. 189.
  3. ^ a b c Rudi Matthee, "Safavids Diarkibkan 2022-09-01 di Wayback Machine" in Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".
  4. ^ Ronald W Ferrier, The Arts of Persia. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9.
  5. ^ a b John R Perry, "Turkic-Iranian contacts", Encyclopædia Iranica, January 24, 2006: "... written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content".
  6. ^ Cyril Glassé (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, revised ed., 2003, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6, p. 392: "Shah Abbas moved his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan. His reigned marked the peak of Safavid dynasty's achievement in art, diplomacy, and commerce. It was probably around this time that the court, which originally spoke a Turkic language, began to use Persian"
  7. ^ Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, V, pp. 514–515. Excerpt: "in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of literae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers"
  8. ^ a b c d Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5. Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shiʻi culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).
  9. ^ Ruda Jurdi Abisaab. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years, IB Tauris 2006, p. 76: "Although the Arabic language was still the medium for religious scholastic expression, it was precisely under the Safavids that hadith complications and doctrinal works of all sorts were being translated to Persian. The ʻAmili (Lebanese scholars of Shiʻi faith) operating through the Court-based religious posts, were forced to master the Persian language; their students translated their instructions into Persian. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shiʻi belief."
  10. ^ Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (2012). "ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ: His poetry". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  11. ^ Floor, Willem; Javadi, Hasan (2013). "The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran". Iranian Studies. 46 (4): 569–581. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516. S2CID 161700244.
  12. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G.; Sabagh, Georges (1998). The Persian Presence in the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 240. ISBN 978-0521591850.
  13. ^ Axworthy, Michael (2010). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B. Tauris. m/s. 33. ISBN 978-0857721938.
  14. ^ Savory 2007, m/s. 213, qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times.
  15. ^ Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–965. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
  16. ^ Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 66. ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5. The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.
  17. ^ Blow 2009, halaman 165–166. "Georgian, Circassian and Armenian were also spoken [at the court], since these were the mother-tongues of many of the ghulams, as well as of a high proportion of the women of the harem. Figueroa heard Abbas speak Georgian, which he had no doubt acquired from his Georgian ghulams and concubines."
  18. ^ The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008), 449.
  19. ^ Ghereghlou, Kioumars (October–December 2017). "Chronicling a Dynasty on the Make: New Light on the Early Ṣafavids in Ḥayātī Tabrīzī's Tārīkh (961/1554)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 137 (4): 827. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0805 – melalui Columbia Academic Commons. Shah Ismāʿīl's enthronement took place in Tabrīz immediately after the battle of Sharūr, on 1 Jumādā II 907/22 December 1501.
  20. ^ Elton L. Daniel, The History of Iran (Greenwood Press, 2001) p. 95
  21. ^ Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Oxford University Press. m/s. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.
  22. ^ Blake, Stephen P., ed. (2013), "Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires", Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–47, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139343305.004, ISBN 978-1-107-03023-7, retrieved 2021-11-10
  23. ^ Ferrier, RW, A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire, p. ix.
  24. ^ Flaskerud, Ingvild (2010). Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism. A&C Black. m/s. 182–3. ISBN 978-1-4411-4907-7.
  25. ^ Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.
  26. ^ Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.
  27. ^ Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.
  28. ^ Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (2006).[halaman diperlukan]
  29. ^ a b c Matthee, Rudi (2017) [2008]. "Safavid Dynasty". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509. ISSN 2330-4804. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 25 May 2022. Dicapai pada 23 June 2022.
  30. ^ Streusand 2011, m/s. 135.
  31. ^ a b Savory, Roger (2012) [1995]. "Ṣafawids". Dalam Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (penyunting). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 8. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0964. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
  32. ^ Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". Dalam Matthee, Rudi (penyunting). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (ed. 1st). New York and London: Routledge. m/s. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2.
  33. ^ * Matthee, Rudi. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900. Princeton University Press. p. 18; "(...)ethnic Turks generally held military and political power in Iran, whereas ethnic Iranians, called Tajiks, were dominant in the areas of administration and culture. The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background, did not fit this pattern, although the state they set up with the aid of Turkmen tribal forces of Eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup. (...)".
    • Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"
  34. ^
    • Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998) ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ. Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6, pp. 628–636
    • Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016). ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI. Encyclopaedia Iranica
  35. ^ Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early. London & New York. IB Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-056-0, pp. 130–131
  36. ^ Yarshater 2001, m/s. 493.
  37. ^ Khanbaghi 2006, m/s. 130.
  38. ^ Anthony Bryer. "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29 (1975), Appendix II "Genealogy of the Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond"
  39. ^ "Parsi Safawiyah" di Encyclopædia Iranica, "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified."
  40. ^ Savory 2007, m/s. 3, "Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?".
  41. ^ Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2011). Early Islamic Iran. I. B. Tauris.
  42. ^ Savory 2007, m/s. 2–3, ...Turcoman, tribal forces (qizilbash) which had been largely responsible for bringing the Safavids to power....
  43. ^ Roemer 1986, m/s. 213, 353, Chapter: "The Safavid Period".
  44. ^ Blow 2009, m/s. 5.
  45. ^ Roemer 1986, m/s. 229, 353, Chapter: "The Safavid Period".
  46. ^ "Iran under the Safavids". www.archive.com. Dicapai pada 2025-02-05. Containing text in Persian
  47. ^ Munshi, Eskandar Beg (1629). History of Shah 'Abbas the Great (Tārīkh-e ‘Ālamārā-ye ‘Abbāsī) / Roger M. Savory, translator. m/s. xvii. Dicapai pada May 6, 2025.

Bibliografi

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