Perpecahan Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia dipecah-pecahkan hasil beberapa perubahan politik serta pergolakan yang berlaku pada awal tahun 1990-an akibat isu-isu tertentu yang tidak diselesaikan berikutan pemisahan Republik Persekutuan Sosialis Yugoslavia lalu berlakunya perang-perang Yugoslav antara kelompok etink dalam kawasan ini, terutamanya di Bosnia dan Herzegovina serta beberapa tempat di Croatia.
Faktor dalaman[sunting | sunting sumber]
Kematian Josip Tito serta ketidakstabilan yang berikutan[sunting | sunting sumber]
Kematian Tito pada 4 Mei 1980 dilihat pemerhati sebagai kehilangan suatu kuasa ynag menyatukan antara warga Yugoslavia yang berbilang bangsa lalu menyebabkan bertambahnya ketegangan etnik. Liga Komunis Yugoslavia turut kehilangan kepentingan ideologi mereka berikutan pelemahan Blok Timur serta revolusi anti-Komunis yang giat di negara-negara yang berjiranan.[1]
Yugoslavia turut mengalami kemeseletan beriktan hutang negara yang terlalu banyak[2] serta inflasi akibat perkembangan ekonomi tidak terkawal hasil polisi-polisi Tito.[3] Negeri-negeri yang lebih makmur dalam gabungan ini seperti Slovenia dan Croatia turut mahu berganjak kepada pemerintahan yang demokratik.[4]
Nasionalisme Serbia[sunting | sunting sumber]
Perang Yugoslav[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pengiktirafan antarabangsa[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pada bulan Januari 1992, Croatia and Yugoslavia menandatangani suatu gencatan senjata di bawah pemerhatian PBB.[5] Kemerdekaan negara-negara Croatia dan Slovenia diiktiraf secara meluas pada 15 Januari 1992. Kedua-dua negara tersebut serta Bosnia dimasukkan sebagai negara anggota Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu pada 22 Mei 1992. Makedonia dimasukkan ke dalam keahlian pertubuhan ini pada 8 April 1993.
Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]
Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Vesna Pešić (April 1996). "Serbian Nationalism and the Origins of the Yugoslav Crisis". Peaceworks. United States Institute for Peace (8): 12. Dicapai pada 10 Disember 2010.
- ^ Crampton 1997, m/s. 386.
- ^ "YUGOSLAVIA: KEY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE DEBT CRISIS" (PDF). Directorate of Intelligence. 2011-05-12.
- ^ Henry Kamm (8 Disember 1985). "Yugoslav republic jealously guards its gains". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 10 Disember 2010.
- ^ Lukic & Lynch 1996, m/s. 210.
Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Buku
- Brown, Cynthia; Karim, Farhad (1995). Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights. New York City: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-152-7.
- Denitch, Bogdan Denis (1996). Ethnic nationalism: The tragic death of Yugoslavia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816629473.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Djokić, Dejan (2003). Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-663-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Frucht, Richard C. (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ingrao, Charles; Emmert, Thomas A., penyunting (2003). Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative (ed. 2nd). Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-617-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Jović, Dejan (2009). Yugoslavia: A State that Withered Away. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-495-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lukic, Reneo; Lynch, Allen (1996). Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829200-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mesić, Stjepan (2004). The Demise of Yugoslavia: A Political Memoir. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9241-81-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34656-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rogel, Carole (2004). The Breakup of Yugoslavia and Its Aftermath. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32357-7. Dicapai pada 22 April 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Wachtel, Andrew (1998). Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3181-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bacaan lanjut[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Almond, Mark, Europe's Backyard War, William Heinemann Ltd, Great Britain, 1994
- et al. Duncan, W. Raymond and Holman, G. Paul, Ethnic Nationalism and Regional Conflict: The Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, Westview Press Inc, USA, 1994. ISBN 0-8133-8813-9
- Dragosavljevic, Angelija, Slobodan Milosevic: A Study In Charismatic Leadership And Its Distortions 1987–1992, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1993
- Glenny, Misha, "The Fall of Yugoslavia", Penguin, 3rd Edition 1996, ISBN 0-14-026101-X
- LeBor, Adam "Milosevic: A Biography", Bloomsbury, 2002, ISBN 0-7475-6181-8
- Magas, Branka, The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracking the Break-up 1980–1992, Verso, Great Britain, 1993. ISBN 0-86091-593-X
- Mojzes, Paul, Yugoslavian Inferno: in the Balkans, The Continuum Publishing Company, USA, 1994
- Radan, Peter, Break-up of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, Great Britain, 2002
- Woodward, Susan, L. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos & Dissolution after the Cold War, the Brookings Institution Press, Virginia, USA, 1995
