Penumpuan pemilikan media
Penumpuan pemilikan media (juga dikenali sebagai penyatuan media atau konvergensi media) ialah proses dimana individu atau organisasi yang semakin sedikit mengendalikan peningkatan jumlah media massa.[1] Penyelidikan kontemporari menunjukkan peningkatan tahap penyatuan, dengan banyak industri media yang sangat tertumpu dan dikuasai oleh sebilangan kecil firma.[2][3]
Di seluruh dunia, konglomerat media besar termasuk Bertelsmann, National Amusements (Viacom Inc. dan CBS Corporation), Sony Corporation, News Corp, Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, AT & T Inc, Fox Corporation, Hearst Communications, MGM Holdings Inc., Grupo Globo Amerika Selatan) dan Kumpulan Lagardère.[4][5][6]
Setakat tahun 2018, konglomerat media terbesar dari segi pendapatan Comcast, Syarikat Walt Disney, AT&T, CBS Corporation dan Viacom per Forbes.
Di negara-negara yang digambarkan sebagai autoritarian oleh kebanyakan pemikir kebangsaan dan NGO, pemilikan media pada umumnya sesuatu yang sangat dekat dengan kawalan negara yang lengkap mengenai maklumat secara langsung atau tidak langsung.
Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Steven, 2009: p. 19
- ^ Downing, John, penyunting (2004). The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies. SAGE. m/s. 296. ISBN 978-0-7619-2169-1.
- ^ Lorimer, Rowland; Scannell, Paddy (1994). Mass communications: a comparative introduction. Manchester University Press. m/s. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-7190-3946-1.
- ^ "Global Media". New Internationalist. April 2001. Dicapai pada 2009-10-10.
- ^ "Ultra Concentrated Media - Facts". New Internationalist. April 2001. Dicapai pada 2009-10-10.
- ^ Katharine Ainger (April 2001). "Empires of the Senseless". New Internationalist. Dicapai pada 2009-10-10.
Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Doyle, Gillian (2002). Media ownership: the economics and politics of convergence and concentration in the UK and European media. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-6680-7.
- Harcourt, Alison (2005). European Institutions and the Regulation of Media Markets. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-6645-0.
- Harcourt, Alison; Robert Picard (2009). Policy Economic and Business Challenges of Media Ownership Regulation. Journal of Business Media Studies. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-07-23. Dicapai pada 2011-09-05.
- Steven, Peter (2004). The No-nonsense Guide to Global Media. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-581-3.
- Amelia Arsenault & Manuel Castells (2008) The Structure and Dynamics of Global Multi-Media Business Networks. International Journal of Communication.
- Bagdikian, Benjamin H. (2004). The new media monopoly. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-6187-9.
- Baker, C. Edwin (2007). Media concentration and democracy: why ownership matters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86832-7.
- Compaine, Benjamin M.; Gomery, Douglas (2000). Who owns the media?: competition and concentration in the mass media industry. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-8058-2936-5.
- Croteau, David; Hoynes, William (2006). The business of media: corporate media and the public interest. Pine Forge Press. ISBN 978-1-4129-1315-7.
- Dwyer, Tim (2010). Media Convergence. McGraw-Hill International. ISBN 978-0-335-22873-7.
- Harper, Joe; Yantek, Thom, penyunting (2003). Media, profit, and politics: competing priorities in an open society. Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-754-5.
- Hassan, Robert; Thomas, Julian, penyunting (2006). The new media theory reader. McGraw-Hill International. ISBN 978-0-335-21710-6.
- McChesney, Robert W. (1997). Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-888363-47-0.
- Noam, Eli M. (2009). Media ownership and concentration in America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518852-3.
- Skinner, David; dll., penyunting (2005). Converging media, diverging politics: a political economy of news media in the United States and Canada. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1306-6.
- Media convergence. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Dicapai pada 2011-05-02.
Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Global Issues.com
- Who Owns What Diarkibkan 2007-07-11 di Wayback Machine by the Columbia Journalism Review
- Structure and Dynamics of the Global Multi-Media Business Networks Amelia Arsenault and Manuel Castells (2008) International Journal of Communication
- Who Owns What on Television
- Essay examining the reasons and consequences of media ownership
- Campaign For Democratic Media Diarkibkan 2008-03-08 di Wayback Machine Canadian organization fighting for democratic media.
- Free Press an organization opposing media ownership concentration
- A visual representation of 25 years of media mergers and how the biggest media conglomerates in the United States came to be
- Lasar's Letter on the Federal Communications Commission Diarkibkan 2007-11-29 di Wayback Machine Media ownership controversy timeline, 1996–2004
- Media ownership study ordered destroyed
- Media Conglomerates, Mergers, Concentration of Ownership
- Media Ownership Chart by watchdog group MediaChannel
- Why TV sucks A critique of the concentration thesis from the left
- FCC Hearing on Media Consolidation, Seattle, Nov 2007[pautan mati kekal] Video of public testimony
- Treepex - Online Newspaper subcategory Increased concentration of media ownership has adverse effects on the pluralism of media output.
- The Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom (CPBF) – a UK-based organisation campaigning for open, accountable and democratic media
- The Day That TV News Died – Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Chris Hedges on corporate media control.