Perjanjian China–Korea 1882

Perjanjian China-Korea tahun 1882 (Cina: 中朝商民水陸貿易章程, Korea: 조청상민수륙무역장정; Jawi: ‏ڤرجنجين ڤرداڬڠن دان حال احوال عوام‎code: ms is deprecated ‎) telah dirundingkan antara wakil Dinasti Qing dan Dinasti Joseon^[1] pada bulan Oktober 1882.^[2] Perjanjian ini telah digambarkan sebagai Peraturan Komunikasi dan Perdagangan Joseon-Qing; dan ia juga disebut Peraturan China-Korea untuk Perdagangan Maritim dan Darat. Perjanjian itu tetap berkuat kuasa sehingga tahun 1895. Selepas tahun 1895, China kehilangan pengaruhnya ke atas Korea kerana Perang China-Jepun Pertama.

Latar belakang[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pada tahun 1876, Korea menjalin perjanjian perdagangan dengan Jepun setelah kapal-kapal Jepun mendekati Ganghwado. Rundingan perjanjian dengan beberapa negara Barat dimungkinkan dengan langkah awal Jepun ini.^[3]

Pada tahun 1882, Amerika membuat perjanjian dan menjalin hubungan diplomatik,^[4] yang berfungsi sebagai templat untuk rundingan berikutnya dengan kuasa Barat yang lain.

Dua minggu selepas Perjanjian Amerika Syarikat-Korea tahun 1882, pemberontakan tentera yang disebut Peristiwa Imo berlaku di Seoul. Tentera itu menduduki Istana Changdeok, dan pemerintah Korea meminta bantuan ketenteraan daripada China. Pemberontakan itu ditekan oleh tentera China. Selepas kejadian itu, pengaruh China ke atas Korea meningkat.

Peruntukan perjanjian[sunting | sunting sumber]

Orang Cina dan Korea berunding dan meluluskan perjanjian pelbagai fasal dengan peruntukan yang mempengaruhi hubungan diplomatik Korea dengan negara-negara Barat.^[5]

Peraturan Komunikasi dan Perdagangan Joseon-Qing berusaha untuk mengurangkan kesan peningkatan hubungan diplomatik dan memperluas hubungan komersial dengan kuasa Barat. Perjanjian yang dirundingkan menyebabkan akibat yang tidak diingini.^[1]

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Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Petikan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ ^a ^b Moon, Myungki. "Korea-China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul: Review of the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules," Diarkibkan 2011-10-05 di Wayback Machine Journal of Northeast Asian History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Dec 2008), pp. 85–120.
^ Chu, Samuel C. (1994). [ Li Hung-chang and China's Early Modernization, p. 183.] di Buku Google
^ Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). [ The History of Korea, pp. 107–108.], m/s. 107, di Buku Google
^ Yŏng-ho Ch'oe et al. (2000). [ Sources of Korean Tradition, p. 235] di Buku Google; excerpt, "Korea signed a similar accord with the United States (the Treaty of Chelump'o, 1882) that was followed by similar agreements with other Western nations;" Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). [ Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, p. 29.] di Buku Google; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
^ Korean Mission [ p. 32.] di Buku Google; ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. China's Claims Of Suzerainty Over Korea"; excerpt, "The position assumed by [China] toward Korea since contracting the treaty with it in 1882 has in no wise been affected by recent events. Korea's treaty independence since then has been for us an established and accepted fact."

Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Chu, Samuel C. (1994). Li Hung-chang and China's Early Modernization. Armonk, New York: Sharpe. ISBN 1-56324-242-7 (hc); ISBN 1-56324-458-6 (pb);
Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33296-7 ISBN 0-313-33296-7 (hc); ISBN 0-313-36053-7 (pb);
Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 12923609
Yŏng-ho Ch'oe; William Theodore De Bary; Martina Deuchler and Peter Hacksoo Lee. (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume Two: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12030-3 ISBN 0-231-12030-3 (hc); ISBN 0-231-12031-1 (pb);

[moon-1] Moon, Myungki. "Korea-China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul: Review of the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules," Diarkibkan 2011-10-05 di Wayback Machine Journal of Northeast Asian History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Dec 2008), pp. 85–120.

[chu183-2] Chu, Samuel C. (1994). [ Li Hung-chang and China's Early Modernization, p. 183.] di Buku Google

[3] Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). [ The History of Korea, pp. 107–108.], m/s. 107, di Buku Google

[4] Yŏng-ho Ch'oe et al. (2000). [ Sources of Korean Tradition, p. 235] di Buku Google; excerpt, "Korea signed a similar accord with the United States (the Treaty of Chelump'o, 1882) that was followed by similar agreements with other Western nations;" Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). [ Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament, p. 29.] di Buku Google; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."

[mission32-5] Korean Mission [ p. 32.] di Buku Google; ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. China's Claims Of Suzerainty Over Korea"; excerpt, "The position assumed by [China] toward Korea since contracting the treaty with it in 1882 has in no wise been affected by recent events. Korea's treaty independence since then has been for us an established and accepted fact."

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