Podocnemis expansa

Podocnemis expansa
Status pemuliharaan
	; Persandaran pemuliharaan (IUCN 2.3)
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:	Haiwan
Filum:	Kordata
Kelas:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Keluarga:	Podocnemididae
Genus:	Podocnemis
Spesies:	P. expansa
Nama binomial
	Podocnemis expansa; (Schweigger, 1812)
Sinonim
	Emys expansa Schweigger, 1812; Emys amazonica Spix, 1824; Podocnemis expansa Wagler, 1830; Emys arrau Schinz, 1833;

Podocnemis expansa juga dikenali sebagai Kura-kura Sungai Amerika Selatan, Kura-kura Gergasi Amerika Selatan atau Kura-kura Arrau^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Ia adalah kura-kura leher sisi terbesar di Amerika Selatan.^[4] Spesies ini menjadikan tumbuh-tumbuhan sebagai makanan dan membuat sarang secara berkumpulan di tepi pantai.^[4] Kura-kura ini diancam kepupusan disebabkan oleh perburuan telur, kemusnahan habitat, pencemaran dan pembinaan empangan di kawasan habitat mereka.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Taburan dan habitat

Kura-kura ini boleh dijumpai di Lembangan Amazon, Orinoco dan lembangan Sungai Essequibo di Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela dan Guyana.^[3] Biasanya selepas banjir, beberapa ekor menuju ke kawasan Trinidad.^[4] Habitat mereka merangkumi sungai, tasik, lagun dan hutan berpaya^[4] di kawasan sungai putih, sungai hitam dan sungai jernih.^[8]

Ciri-ciri

Haiwan ini boleh mencecah sehingga 90 kg (200 lb) berat dan mencapai 1.07 m (3.5 ka) panjang.^[9] Kebanyakannya bersaiz kecil dengan kura-kura betina mencapai 64–71 cm (2.1–2.3 ka) panjang dan kura-kura jantan pula 40–50 cm (1.3–1.6 ka) panjang.^[4] Kura-kura jantan mempunyai ekor lebih panjang dan karapas (cangkerang) yang rata tegak berbanding betina ^[9] Mereka memiliki warna coklat, kelabu atau hijau-zaitun,^[9] dan warna tersebut bergantung kepada warna algae yang tumbuh di bahagian karapas belakangnya.^[4]

Rujukan

1 2 Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Podocnemis expansa". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 1996: e.T17822A97397263. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17822A7500662.en. Dicapai pada 10 November 2017.
↑ Podocnemis expansa, The Reptile Database
1 2 Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; Bour, R. Fritz; U., Georges; A., Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P. (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group) (2017). Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Pritchard, P.C.H.; Mittermeier, R.A. (penyunting). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status". Chelonian Research Monographs. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (ed. 8th). 7: 1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rivas, D. (2015). "Podocnemis expansa (Arrau Sideneck Turtle)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. Dicapai pada 28 September 2017.
↑ Mogollones, S.C.; D.J. Rodriguez; O. Hernandez; G.R. Barreto (2010). "A Demographic Study of the Arrau Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) in the Middle Orinoco River, Venezuela". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 9 (1): 79–89. doi:10.2744/CCB-0778.1. Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (bantuan)
↑ Overduin, M. (2 September 2015). "More Than 1,000 Turtles and Nests Protected in Colombia". Turtle Survival Alliance. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 30 Ogos 2018. Dicapai pada 28 September 2017.
↑ Vanzolini, P.E. (2003). "On clutch size and hatching success of the South American turtles Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812) and P. unifilis Troschel, 1848 (Testudines, Podocnemididae)" (PDF). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 75 (4): 415–430. doi:10.1590/s0001-37652003000400002.
↑ Alves, R.R.N.; G.G. Santana (2008). "Use and commercialization of Podocnemis expansa (Schweiger 1812) (Testudines: Podocnemididae) for medicinal purposes in two communities in North of Brazil". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 4 (3). doi:10.1186/1746-4269-4-3. Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (bantuan)
1 2 3 "Podocnemis expansa". INCT CENBAM, INPA. Dicapai pada 28 September 2017.

Pautan luar

[iucn-1] 1 2 Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Podocnemis expansa". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 1996: e.T17822A97397263. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17822A7500662.en. Dicapai pada 10 November 2017.

[2] Podocnemis expansa, The Reptile Database

[Rhodin2017-3] 1 2 Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; Bour, R. Fritz; U., Georges; A., Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P. (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group) (2017). Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Pritchard, P.C.H.; Mittermeier, R.A. (penyunting). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status". Chelonian Research Monographs. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (ed. 8th). 7: 1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Rivas2015-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rivas, D. (2015). "Podocnemis expansa (Arrau Sideneck Turtle)" (PDF). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. Dicapai pada 28 September 2017.

[Mogollones2010-5] Mogollones, S.C.; D.J. Rodriguez; O. Hernandez; G.R. Barreto (2010). "A Demographic Study of the Arrau Turtle (Podocnemis expansa) in the Middle Orinoco River, Venezuela". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 9 (1): 79–89. doi:10.2744/CCB-0778.1. Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (bantuan)

[Overduin2015-6] Overduin, M. (2 September 2015). "More Than 1,000 Turtles and Nests Protected in Colombia". Turtle Survival Alliance. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 30 Ogos 2018. Dicapai pada 28 September 2017.

[Vanzolini2003-7] Vanzolini, P.E. (2003). "On clutch size and hatching success of the South American turtles Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812) and P. unifilis Troschel, 1848 (Testudines, Podocnemididae)" (PDF). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 75 (4): 415–430. doi:10.1590/s0001-37652003000400002.

[Alves2008-8] Alves, R.R.N.; G.G. Santana (2008). "Use and commercialization of Podocnemis expansa (Schweiger 1812) (Testudines: Podocnemididae) for medicinal purposes in two communities in North of Brazil". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 4 (3). doi:10.1186/1746-4269-4-3. Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (bantuan)

[INCTCENBAM-9] 1 2 3 "Podocnemis expansa". INCT CENBAM, INPA. Dicapai pada 28 September 2017.

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