Sinergisme

Dalam teologi Kristian, Sinergisme adalah pendirian mereka yang berpendapat bahawa keselamatan terlibat dalam beberapa bentuk kerjasama antara rahmat ilahi dan kebebasan manusia. Sinergisme dipertahankan oleh Gereja Roman Katolik, Gereja Ortodoks, dan Gereja Methodist . ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] Malah, ia juga adalah sebahagian daripada teologi Arminian. ^[4] ^[5]

Sinergisme menentang monergisme (yang membantah idea bahawa manusia mempunyai pilihan bebas), dan antar doktrin yang paling biasa dikaitkan dengan Reformasi Protestan serta Tradisi Lutheran, yang soteriologinya telah dipengaruhi kuat oleh bishop Afrika Utara dan Bapa Gereja Latin, Augustinus dari Hippo. (354–430). ^[6] Lutheranisme, bagaimanapun, mengakui keselamatan monergis tetapi kutukan sinergi (lihat § pandangan Luteran dan Kalvinis ).

Sinergisme dan semipelagianisme masing-masing mengajarkan beberapa kerjasama dalam karya penyelamatan antara Tuhan dan manusia, tetapi pemikiran semipelagian mengajar bahawa separuh permulaan iman adalah tindakan kehendak manusia. ^[7] Council of Orange (529), Lutheran Formula of Concord (1577), dan majlis tempatan yang lain masing-masing mengutuk semipelagianisme sebagai bidaah. ^[8]

Teologi Katolik[sunting | sunting sumber]

Sinergisme, mengajarkan bahawa terdapat "sejenis interaksi antara kebebasan manusia dan rahmat ilahi", adalah bahagian penting dalam teologi keselamatan Gereja Katolik . ^[9]

Gereja Katolik menolak tanggapan kebejatan total : mereka berpendapat bahawa, walaupun selepas Kejatuhan, sifat manusia, walaupun terluka dalam kuasa semula jadi yang sepatutnya, tidak rosak sepenuhnya. ^[10] Di samping itu, mereka menolak takdir berganda, idea yang akan "menjadikan segala-galanya sebagai kerja rahmat ilahi yang maha kuasa yang dengan sewenang-wenangnya memilih beberapa untuk diselamatkan dan beberapa untuk dikutuk, supaya kita manusia tidak mempunyai kebebasan memilih tentang nasib kehidupan kekal kita". ^[11]

Katekismus Gereja Katolik mengajar bahawa keupayaan kehendak manusia untuk bertindak balas kepada rahmat ilahi itu sendiri dianugerahkan oleh rahmat. "Dengan kerja kasih karunia Roh Kudus mendidik kita dalam kebebasan rohani untuk menjadikan kita rakan usaha sama bebas dalam pekerjaannya di Gereja dan di dunia". ^[12] "Persediaan manusia untuk menerima rahmat sudah menjadi kerja rahmat." ^[13] "Apabila umat Katolik mengatakan bahawa orang 'bekerjasama' dalam mempersiapkan dan menerima pembenaran dengan menyetujui tindakan pembenaran Tuhan, mereka melihat persetujuan peribadi itu sebagai kesan rahmat, bukan sebagai tindakan yang timbul daripada kebolehan semula jadi manusia." ^[14]

Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]

Arminianisme
Dyoenergisme
Dyothelitism
Libertarianisme (metafizik)
Molinisme
Monergisme
Monoenergisme
Teologi Kristian Ortodoks
Teosis
Kebejatan total

Nota dan rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Petikan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Stamoolis, James J. (5 October 2010). Three Views on Eastern Orthodoxy and Evangelicalism. Zondervan. m/s. 138. ISBN 9780310864363. A further concession is made, one that could easily be made by an Arminian Protestant who shared the Orthodox understanding of synergism (i.e., regeneration as the fruit of free will's cooperation with grace): "The Orthodox emphasis on the importance of the human response toward the grace of God, which at the same time clearly rejects salvation by works, is a healthy synergistic antidote to any antinomian tendencies that might result from (distorted) jurdicial understandings of salvation.
^ Olson, Roger E. (6 September 2002). The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity & Diversity. InterVarsity Press. m/s. 281. ISBN 9780830826957. Two examples of Christian synergism are the Catholic reformer Erasmus, who was roughly contemporary with Luther, and the seventeenth-century Dutch theologian Arminius. John Wesley, founder of the Methodist tradition, was also a synergist with regard to salvation.
^ Fahlbusch, Erwin (2008). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. m/s. 272. ISBN 9780802824172. Methodist "synergism" is grounded in the conviction that in the justification begun in the new birth (the beginning of the divine work), there will have to be "appropriate fruits."
^ Olson, Roger E. (20 August 2009). Arminian Theology. InterVarsity Press. m/s. 18. ISBN 9780830874439. When Arminian synergism is referred to, I am referring to evangelical synergism, which affirms the prevenience of grace to every human exercise of a good will toward God, including simple nonresistance to the saving work of Christ.
^ For Calvinism/Against Calvinism. Zondervan. m/s. 288. ISBN 9780310490630. Arminian (Remonstrant) theology, as it evolved into a system, rejected unconditional election and, consequently, its monoergistic emphases.
^ Salter, Roger (1 February 2018). "THE MARTYRS' STAKE: The Ensign of Reformational Anglicanism" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). VirtueOnline. Dicapai pada 23 June 2019. The code and creed of Anglicanism is richly Trinitarian (divine self-disclosure), soteriologically monergistic (grace alone), and warmly pastoral (godly care) in its approach to the people it serves within and beyond the bounds of its membership.
^ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "semipelagianism".
^ Article II. Of Free Will. Negative III – Formula of Concord.
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, Reader's Guide to Themes (Burns & Oates 1999 ISBN 0-86012-366-9), p. 766
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 405
^ Glenn F. Chesnut, Changed by Grace (iUniverse 2006 ISBN 978-0-59585044-0), p. 145
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1742
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2001
^ Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification by the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church

Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]

Olson, Roger E. (2014). Arminianism FAQ: Everything You Always Wanted to Know. [Franklin, TE]: Seebed. ISBN 978-1-62824-162-4.
Olson, Roger E. (2018). "Calvinism and Arminianism Compared". Roger E. Olson: My evangelical, Arminian theological musings (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Patheos. Dicapai pada 2019-08-27.
Wiley, H. Orton (1940). Christian theology (3 volumes) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press.

[Stamoolis-1] Stamoolis, James J. (5 October 2010). Three Views on Eastern Orthodoxy and Evangelicalism. Zondervan. m/s. 138. ISBN 9780310864363. A further concession is made, one that could easily be made by an Arminian Protestant who shared the Orthodox understanding of synergism (i.e., regeneration as the fruit of free will's cooperation with grace): "The Orthodox emphasis on the importance of the human response toward the grace of God, which at the same time clearly rejects salvation by works, is a healthy synergistic antidote to any antinomian tendencies that might result from (distorted) jurdicial understandings of salvation.

[Olson2002-2] Olson, Roger E. (6 September 2002). The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity & Diversity. InterVarsity Press. m/s. 281. ISBN 9780830826957. Two examples of Christian synergism are the Catholic reformer Erasmus, who was roughly contemporary with Luther, and the seventeenth-century Dutch theologian Arminius. John Wesley, founder of the Methodist tradition, was also a synergist with regard to salvation.

[Fahlbusch2008-3] Fahlbusch, Erwin (2008). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. m/s. 272. ISBN 9780802824172. Methodist "synergism" is grounded in the conviction that in the justification begun in the new birth (the beginning of the divine work), there will have to be "appropriate fruits."

[Olson2009-4] Olson, Roger E. (20 August 2009). Arminian Theology. InterVarsity Press. m/s. 18. ISBN 9780830874439. When Arminian synergism is referred to, I am referring to evangelical synergism, which affirms the prevenience of grace to every human exercise of a good will toward God, including simple nonresistance to the saving work of Christ.

[5] For Calvinism/Against Calvinism. Zondervan. m/s. 288. ISBN 9780310490630. Arminian (Remonstrant) theology, as it evolved into a system, rejected unconditional election and, consequently, its monoergistic emphases.

[Salter2018-6] Salter, Roger (1 February 2018). "THE MARTYRS' STAKE: The Ensign of Reformational Anglicanism" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). VirtueOnline. Dicapai pada 23 June 2019. The code and creed of Anglicanism is richly Trinitarian (divine self-disclosure), soteriologically monergistic (grace alone), and warmly pastoral (godly care) in its approach to the people it serves within and beyond the bounds of its membership.

[7] The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article "semipelagianism".

[8] Article II. Of Free Will. Negative III – Formula of Concord.

[9] Catechism of the Catholic Church, Reader's Guide to Themes (Burns & Oates 1999 ISBN 0-86012-366-9), p. 766

[10] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 405

[11] Glenn F. Chesnut, Changed by Grace (iUniverse 2006 ISBN 978-0-59585044-0), p. 145

[12] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1742

[13] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2001

[14] Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification by the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church

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