Telegraf elektrik
Telegrafi elektrik ialah perhubungan jarak titik ke titik melalui menghantar isyarat elektrik melalui wayar, suatu sistem pada awalnya digunakan dari 1840-an hingga akhir abad ke-20. Ia merupakan sistem was the first electrical telekomunikasi elektrik pertama dan paling luas digunakan bagi sebilangan sistem pesanan awal yang dipanggil telegraf, yang direka untuk menghantar pesanan teks lebih cepat daripada membawanya secara fizikal.[1][2] Telegrafi elektrik boleh dianggap contoh pertama kejuruteraan elektrik.[3]
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Wenzlhuemer, Roland (August 2007). "The Development of Telegraphy, 1870–1900: A European Perspective on a World History Challenge" (PDF). History Compass (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 5 (5): 1720–1742. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00461.x. ISSN 1478-0542.
- ^ Kieve 1973, m/s. 13.
- ^ Roberts, Steven. "Distant Writing: A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868: 2. Introduction".
Using these discoveries a number of inventors or rather 'adapters' appeared, taking this new knowledge, transforming it into useful ideas with commercial utility; the first of these 'products' was the use of electricity to transmit information between distant points, the electric telegraph.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Beauchamp, Ken (2001). History of Telegraphy. London: The Institution of Electrical Engineers. ISBN 978-0-85296-792-8.
- Bowers, Brian, Sir Charles Wheatstone: 1802–1875, IET, 2001 ISBN 0852961030
- Calvert, J. B. (2008). "The Electromagnetic Telegraph".
- Copeland, B. Jack, penyunting (2006). Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284055-4.
- Fahie, John Joseph (1884). A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837. London: E. & F.N. Spon. OCLC 559318239.
- Figes, Orlando (2010). Crimea: The Last Crusade. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9704-0.
- Gibberd, William (1966). Australian Dictionary of Biography: Edward Davy.
- Hochfelder, David (2012). The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920. Johns Hopkins University Press. m/s. 6–17, 138–141. ISBN 9781421407470.
- Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Björn, The Early History of Data Networks, Wiley, 1995 ISBN 0818667826
- Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). The Worldwide History of Telecommunications. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0471205050.
- Jones, R. Victor (1999). Samuel Thomas von Sömmering's "Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph (1808–1810). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 11 October 2012. Dicapai pada 1 May 2009. Attributed to Michaelis, Anthony R. (1965), From semaphore to satellite, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union
- Kennedy, P. M. (October 1971). "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870–1914". The English Historical Review. 86 (341): 728–752. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728. JSTOR 563928.
- Kieve, Jeffrey L. (1973). The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History. David and Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5883-9. OCLC 655205099.
- Mercer, David, The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 ISBN 031333207X
- Schwoch, James (2018). Wired into Nature: The Telegraph and the North American Frontier. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252041778.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Botjer, George F. (2015). Samuel F.B. Morse and the Dawn of the Age of Electricity. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-0140-8 – melalui Internet Archive.
- Cooke, W.F., The Electric Telegraph, Was it invented by Prof. Wheatstone?, London 1856.
- Gray, Thomas (1892). "The Inventors of the Telegraph And Telephone". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. 71: 639–659. Dicapai pada 7 August 2009.
- Gauß, C. F., Works, Göttingen 1863–1933.
- Howe, Daniel Walker, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, Oxford University Press, 2007 ISBN 0199743797.
- Peterson, M.J. Roots of Interconnection: Communications, Transportation and Phases of the Industrial Revolution, International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering Background Reading, Version 1; February 2008.
- Steinheil, C.A., Ueber Telegraphie, München 1838.
- Yates, JoAnne. The Telegraph's Effect on Nineteenth Century Markets and Firms, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pp. 149–163.
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