Tuna

Tuna; Julat zaman: Usia Ypres-kini, 56.0–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Aneka jenis ikan tuna (dari atas): tuna sirip panjang, tuna sirip biru Atlantik, aya,; aya sirip kuning, aya mata besar
Pengelasan saintifik
Alam:	Animalia
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Keluarga:	Scombridae
Subkeluarga:	Scombrinae
Tribus:	Thunnini; Starks, 1910
Genus
	Allothunnus; Auxis; Euthynnus; Katsuwonus; Thunnus;

Tuna (Jawi: ‏تونا‎code: ms is deprecated ‎) ialah sejenis ikan air masin yang digolong dalam suku Thunnini yang terdiri daripada 15 spesies dalam lima genus daripada keluarga Scombridae.^[2] Ikan tuna bertaburan luas di lautan-lautan beriklim dan sederhana dunia.^[3]

Ikan-ikan ini mempunyai saiz yang sangat berbeza, dari tuna peluru (maks max: 50 cm (1.6 ka), berat: 1.8 kg (4 lb) ) hingga tuna biru biru Atlantik (maksima: 4.6 m (15 ka) , berat: 684 kg (1,508 lb) ). Purata birufin 2 m (6.6 ka), dan dipercayai hidup sehingga 50 tahun. Ia pemangsa yang aktif dan tangkas. Ikan tuna mempunyai badan yang ramping, ramping, dan merupakan antara ikan pelagik paling cepat - ikan aya sirip kuning contohnya mampu berenang mencapai kelajuan sehingga 75 km/j (47 mph) .^[4]

Ikan tuna diternak secara komersial dan digemari untuk dipancing dengan tujuan beriadah. Hasil daripada penangkapan ikan yang berlebihan, stok beberapa spesies tuna, seperti tuna sirip biru selatan, hampir pupus.^[5]

Etimologi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Nama tuna dipinjamkan daripada bahasa Inggeris daripada kata bahasa Sepanyol atún daripada bahasa Arab Andalusia at-tūn diasimilasikan daripada al-tūn التونcode: ar is deprecated [Bahasa Arab Modern التنcode: ar is deprecated ] dari kata bahasa Latin thunnus.^[6]

Taksonomi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Nama suku Thunnini juga dijejak daripada perkataan Thunnus. Perkataan Thunnus dipinjamkan daripada kata Bahasa Yunani Kuno: θύννοςcode: grc is deprecated , thýnnoscode: grc is deprecated dipakai kepada spesies Thunnus thynnus sin. Scomber thynnus^[7]^[8] daripada kata θύνωcode: grc is deprecated thýnō "meluru".^[9]

Ciri[sunting | sunting sumber]

Badan ikan tuna bergaris arus untuk membantunya berenang dengan laju. Ia ada dua sirip yang terpisah di belakangnya. Sirip atasnya boleh direndahkan dan disokong duri-duri badan.^[10] Sirip pinggul terletak bawah sirip dada. Kedua-dua sirip belakang dan sirip pinggul boleh disentap kembali apabila ikan tuna berenang laju.^[10]

Ekornya berbentuk bulan sabit. Bahagian atas badannya berwarna biru gelap manakala bahagian bawahnya berwarna keputihan untuk membantunya menyamar.^[11]

Ikan tuna dapat mengekalkan suhu tubuh lebih tinggi daripada air di sekelilingnya.

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ "Tribe Thunnini Starks 1910". The Paleobiology Database. n.d. Dicapai pada 17 Disember 2022.
^ Graham, Jeffrey B.; Dickson, Kathryn A. (2004). "Tuna Comparative Physiology". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (23): 4015–4024. doi:10.1242/jeb.01267. PMID 15498947.
^ "Status of the World Fisheries for Tuna". Yayasan Kelestarian Makanan Laut Antarabangsa. November 2022. Dicapai pada 17 Disember 2022. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
^ Block, Barbara A.; Booth, David; Carey, Francis G. (1992). "Direct measurement of swimming speeds and depth of blue marlin" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 166: 267–284. ISSN 0022-0949. Dicapai pada 19 September 2012.
^ Collette, B.B.; Boustany, A.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Restrepo, V. (2011). "Thunnus maccoyii". Senarai Merah IUCN Versi 2014.3. Kesatuan Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar Antarabangsa. Dicapai pada 7 Jun 2019. This species has been intensively fished since the early 1950s. Its generation length is conservatively estimated to be 12 years. Estimated spawning stock biomass has declined approximately 85% over the past 36 years (1973–2009) and there is no sign that the spawning stock is rebuilding. It is therefore listed as Critically Endangered. Implementation of effective conservation and management measures are urgently needed.
^ "tuna". American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2015. Dicapai pada 7 Jun 2019‎. Check date values in: |access-date= (bantuan)
^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "thunnus". A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library.
^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "θύννος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "θύνω". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.
^ ^a ^b Biological characteristics of tuna. Jabatan Perikanan dan Penternakan Ikan, Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian. n.d. Dicapai pada 17 Disember 2022.
^ Gibbs, Elizabeth (n.d.). "Fact Sheet: Tuna #P1412". Rhode Island Sea Grant. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 Julai 2012. Dicapai pada 20 September 2012.

Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Clover, Charles. 2004. The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
FAO: Species Catalog Vol. 2 Scombrids of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 2. FIR/S125 Vol. 2.ISBN 92-5-101381-0
FAO: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources: Tuna and tuna-like species – Global, 2005 Rome.
Majkowski, Jacek (1995) "Tuna and tuna-like species" In: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, FAO Fisheries technical paper 457, FAO, Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-107023-9.
Majkowski J, Arrizabalaga H, Carocci F and Murua H (2011) "Tuna and tuna-like species" In: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, pages 227–244, FAO Fisheries technical paper 569, FAO, Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-107023-9.
Standard of Identity for Canned Tuna (United States), Code of Federal Regulations: 21 CFR 161.190 – Canned tuna.
Viñas J and Tudela S (2009) "A validated methodology for genetic identification of tuna species (genus Thunnus)" PLoS One, 4(10): e7606.

[1] "Tribe Thunnini Starks 1910". The Paleobiology Database. n.d. Dicapai pada 17 Disember 2022.

[Graham2004-2] Graham, Jeffrey B.; Dickson, Kathryn A. (2004). "Tuna Comparative Physiology". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (23): 4015–4024. doi:10.1242/jeb.01267. PMID 15498947.

[ISSF-3] "Status of the World Fisheries for Tuna". Yayasan Kelestarian Makanan Laut Antarabangsa. November 2022. Dicapai pada 17 Disember 2022. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)

[4] Block, Barbara A.; Booth, David; Carey, Francis G. (1992). "Direct measurement of swimming speeds and depth of blue marlin" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 166: 267–284. ISSN 0022-0949. Dicapai pada 19 September 2012.

[IUCNmaccoyii-5] Collette, B.B.; Boustany, A.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Restrepo, V. (2011). "Thunnus maccoyii". Senarai Merah IUCN Versi 2014.3. Kesatuan Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar Antarabangsa. Dicapai pada 7 Jun 2019. This species has been intensively fished since the early 1950s. Its generation length is conservatively estimated to be 12 years. Estimated spawning stock biomass has declined approximately 85% over the past 36 years (1973–2009) and there is no sign that the spawning stock is rebuilding. It is therefore listed as Critically Endangered. Implementation of effective conservation and management measures are urgently needed.

[AHD-6] "tuna". American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2015. Dicapai pada 7 Jun 2019‎. Check date values in: |access-date= (bantuan)

[7] Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "thunnus". A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library.

[GEL1-8] Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "θύννος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.

[GEL2-9] Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "θύνω". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library.

[FAO-10] Biological characteristics of tuna. Jabatan Perikanan dan Penternakan Ikan, Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian. n.d. Dicapai pada 17 Disember 2022.

[RISeaGrant-11] Gibbs, Elizabeth (n.d.). "Fact Sheet: Tuna #P1412". Rhode Island Sea Grant. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 Julai 2012. Dicapai pada 20 September 2012.

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