Yunani Mykenai

Yunani Mykenai
Nama lain	Tamadun Mykenai/Mycenae
Julat geografi	Tanah Besar Yunani, kepulauan Aegea dan Anatolia Barat
Zaman	Zaman Gangsa
Tarikh	s. 1750–1050 SM
Tapak jenis	Mycenae
Tapak utama	Pylos, Tiryns, Midea, Orchomenos, Iolcos
Ciri-ciri	Sistem pentadbiran, ekonomi dan budaya berpusat di istana Tembok Cyclopean Rekod bahasa Yunani dalam tulisan Linear B
Didahului oleh	Tamadun Minoan, Budaya Korakou, Budaya Tiryns
Diikuti oleh	Zaman Kelam Yunani

Yunani Mykenai (atau tamadun Mykenai, atau Mycenae; sebutan AFA: /my·ke·nɑi/ atau /mɑi·siː·ni/; Jawi: ‏ميكيناي‎‎ atau ‏مايسيني‎‎) merupakan fasa terakhir Zaman Gangsa di Yunani purba, merangkumi tempoh sekitar 1750 hingga 1050 SM.^[1] Ia mewakili tamadun Yunani pertama yang maju dan tersendiri di tanah besar Yunani dengan negeri-negeri beristana, pengorganisasian bandar, karya seni, dan sistem penulisan.^[2]^[3] Orang Mykenai ialah penduduk tanah besar Yunani yang kemungkinan dirangsang oleh hubungan mereka dengan Crete Minoa pulau dan budaya-budaya Mediterranean lain untuk membangunkan budaya sosiopolitik yang lebih sofistikated.^[4] Tapak paling terkenal ialah Mykenai, yang menjadi nama budaya era ini. Pusat kuasa lain yang muncul termasuk Pylos, Tiryns, dan Midea di Peloponnesos, Orchomenos, Thebes, dan Athens di Yunani Tengah, serta Iolcos di Thessaly. Penempatan Mykenai juga muncul di Epirus,^[5] Macedonia,^[6] pulau-pulau di Laut Aegea,^[7] pantai barat daya Asia Kecil,^[7] dan Cyprus,^[8] manakala penempatan yang dipengaruhi oleh Mykenai muncul di Levant^[9] dan Itali.^[10]

Orang Yunani Mykenai memperkenalkan beberapa inovasi dalam bidang kejuruteraan, seni bina dan infrastruktur ketenteraan, sementara perdagangan merentasi kawasan luas Mediterranean adalah penting kepada ekonomi Mykenai. Sistem tulisan suku kata mereka, Linear B, menawarkan rekod bertulis pertama bahasa Yunani, dan agama mereka sudah pun memasukkan beberapa dewa yang juga terdapat dalam para dewata Olympus. Yunani Mykenai didominasi oleh masyarakat elit pejuang dan terdiri daripada rangkaian negara berpusat istana yang membangunkan sistem hierarki, politik, sosial, dan ekonomi yang tegar. Ketua masyarakat ini adalah raja, yang dikenali sebagai wanax.

Yunani Mykenai musnah dengan keruntuhan budaya Zaman Gangsa di Mediterranean timur, diikuti oleh Zaman Gelap Yunani, tempoh peralihan tanpa rekod yang membawa kepada Yunani Arkaik di mana anjakan ketara berlaku dari bentuk organisasi sosioekonomi berpusatkan istana kepada bentuk yang terpencar (termasuk penggunaan besi yang meluas).^[11] Pelbagai teori telah dikemukakan untuk penamat tamadun ini, antaranya serangan Doria atau aktiviti berkaitan "Orang Laut". Teori lain seperti bencana alam dan perubahan iklim juga telah dicadangkan. Zaman Mykenai menjadi latar sejarah banyak kesusasteraan Yunani purba dan mitologi, termasuk Kitaran Epik Trojan.^[12]

Rujukan

Petikan

^ Knodell 2021, Jadual 1, hlm. 7, 65.
^ Lazaridis et al. 2017, Maklumat Tambahan: hlm. 2–3
^ Fields 2004.
^ "Tamadun Mycenaean". World History Encyclopedia (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-07-29.
^ Hammond 1976, hlm. 139: "Selain itu, di kawasan ini sebuah makam tholos kecil dengan tembikar Mycenaean gaya III B dan sebuah akropolis Mycenaean telah dilaporkan di Kiperi berhampiran Parga, dan satu lagi akropolis Mycenaean terletak di atas Oracle of the Dead di bukit bernama Xylokastro"; Tandy 2001, hlm. xii (Rajah 1); hlm. 2: "Bukti terkuat kehadiran Mycenaean di Epirus ditemui di zon pantai sungai Acheron bawah, yang pada zaman purba mengalir ke teluk di pantai Ionian yang dikenali sebagai Glykys Limin (Rajah 2-A)."
^ Hatzopoulos 2011, hlm. 53: "Ada satu ilusi yang perlu dihapuskan dahulu—bahawa Gunung Olympus dan pergunungan Kambounian merupakan halangan yang tidak dapat dilalui antara Thessaly dan Macedonia. Sebenarnya, penemuan arkeologi terkini telah membuktikan bahawa pada milenium kedua SM, dunia Mycenaean telah melangkaui Thessaly dan merangkumi sekurang-kurangnya bahagian selatan Macedonia. Tembikar Mycenaean yang banyak, baik diimport maupun dihasilkan tempatan, senjata, pin, bros dan tulisan suku kata telah ditemui di makam Orestis, Elimeia dan Pieria"; Borza 1992, hlm. 64: "Kewujudan penempatan Mycenaean Zaman Gangsa Akhir di Petra bukan sahaja mengesahkan kepentingannya sebagai laluan sejak zaman awal, tetapi juga memperluas had penempatan Mycenaean ke sempadan Macedonia."
^ ^a ^b Castleden 2005.
^ van Wijngaarden 2002, Bahagian III: Cyprus, hlm. 125–202.
^ van Wijngaarden 2002, Bahagian II: Levant, hlm. 31–124; Bietak & Czerny 2007, Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy, "Orang Mycenaean dan Philistine di Levant", hlm. 501–629.
^ Peruzzi 1980; van Wijngaarden 2002, Bahagian IV: Mediterranean Tengah, hlm. 203–260.
^ Morris 1996, "Greece: Zaman Kelam Greece", hlm. 253–256.
^ Sejauh mana Homer cuba atau berjaya mencipta latar "Mycenaean" dikaji dalam Moses I. Finley, The World of Odysseus, 1954.

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[Knodell-1] Knodell 2021, Jadual 1, hlm. 7, 65.

[Lazaridis2017-Supplementary-2] Lazaridis et al. 2017, Maklumat Tambahan: hlm. 2–3

[Fields-2004-10-3] Fields 2004.

[4] "Tamadun Mycenaean". World History Encyclopedia (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2021-07-29.

[5] Hammond 1976, hlm. 139: "Selain itu, di kawasan ini sebuah makam tholos kecil dengan tembikar Mycenaean gaya III B dan sebuah akropolis Mycenaean telah dilaporkan di Kiperi berhampiran Parga, dan satu lagi akropolis Mycenaean terletak di atas Oracle of the Dead di bukit bernama Xylokastro"; Tandy 2001, hlm. xii (Rajah 1); hlm. 2: "Bukti terkuat kehadiran Mycenaean di Epirus ditemui di zon pantai sungai Acheron bawah, yang pada zaman purba mengalir ke teluk di pantai Ionian yang dikenali sebagai Glykys Limin (Rajah 2-A)."

[6] Hatzopoulos 2011, hlm. 53: "Ada satu ilusi yang perlu dihapuskan dahulu—bahawa Gunung Olympus dan pergunungan Kambounian merupakan halangan yang tidak dapat dilalui antara Thessaly dan Macedonia. Sebenarnya, penemuan arkeologi terkini telah membuktikan bahawa pada milenium kedua SM, dunia Mycenaean telah melangkaui Thessaly dan merangkumi sekurang-kurangnya bahagian selatan Macedonia. Tembikar Mycenaean yang banyak, baik diimport maupun dihasilkan tempatan, senjata, pin, bros dan tulisan suku kata telah ditemui di makam Orestis, Elimeia dan Pieria"; Borza 1992, hlm. 64: "Kewujudan penempatan Mycenaean Zaman Gangsa Akhir di Petra bukan sahaja mengesahkan kepentingannya sebagai laluan sejak zaman awal, tetapi juga memperluas had penempatan Mycenaean ke sempadan Macedonia."

[FOOTNOTECastleden2005-7] Castleden 2005.

[8] van Wijngaarden 2002, Bahagian III: Cyprus, hlm. 125–202.

[9] van Wijngaarden 2002, Bahagian II: Levant, hlm. 31–124; Bietak & Czerny 2007, Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy, "Orang Mycenaean dan Philistine di Levant", hlm. 501–629.

[10] Peruzzi 1980; van Wijngaarden 2002, Bahagian IV: Mediterranean Tengah, hlm. 203–260.

[11] Morris 1996, "Greece: Zaman Kelam Greece", hlm. 253–256.

[12] Sejauh mana Homer cuba atau berjaya mencipta latar "Mycenaean" dikaji dalam Moses I. Finley, The World of Odysseus, 1954.

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