Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Sepanyol
![]() | Laman ini merupakan kekunci sebutan transkripsi AFA untuk bahasa IPA untuk bahasa Sepanyol di Wikipedia. Ia mewakili satu set simbol yang mewakili sebutan bahasa IPA untuk bahasa Sepanyol di rencana-rencana Wikipedia, dan contoh-contoh kata yang menggambarkan suara tersebut berpadanan dengan bunyi vokal tersebut. Integriti antara kekunci dan transkripsi yang berpaut di sini perlu dikekalkan; jangan mengubah sebarang simbol atau nilai tanpa mencapai kesepakatan pada laman perbincangan terlebih dahulu. Untuk panduan pengenalan simbol-simbol AFA, sila lihat Bantuan:AFA. Untuk membezakan antara simbol [ ], / / dan ⟨ ⟩, sila lihat IPA § Tanda-tanda kurung dan pembatas-pembatas transkripsi. |
Carta-carta di bawah menunjukkan jalan di mana Alphabet Fonetik Antarabangsa (IPA) mewakili sebutan bahasa Sepanyol dalam artikel Wikipedia. Untuk panduan untuk menambah aksara IPA kepada artikel Wikipedia, sila lihat {{IPA-es}}, {{ IPAc-es}} dan pautan Templat:Pautan bahagian.
Secara umum, Castilian Spanish digunakan dalam transkripsi IPA kecuali untuk beberapa perkataan dengan /θ/ dan /ʎ/:
- Untuk istilah yang lebih berkaitan dengan wilayah yang telah menjalani yeísmo (di mana kata-kata seperti haya dan halla diucapkan sama), kata-kata dieja dengan Templat:Sudut pendakap boleh disalin dengan [ʝ].
- Untuk istilah-istilah yang lebih relevan dengan wilayah dengan seseo (di mana kata-kata seperti caza dan casa diucapkan sama) Templat:Sudut pendakap atau Templat:Sudut pendakapc (yang terakhir hanya sebelum Templat:Sudut pendakap atau Templat:Sudut pendakap) boleh disalin dengan [s].
Dalam semua kes lain, jika sebutan tempatan dibuat, ia harus dilabelkan sebagai "setempat" (contohnya, {{IPA-es|...|setempat}}
.
Lihat fonologi bahasa Sepanyol untuk perbincangan yang lebih teliti mengenai bunyi bahasa Sepanyol, dan dialek dan variasi bahasa Sepanyol untuk variasi serantau.
|
|
Nota[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ a b c d e f /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places except after a pause, /n/, or /m/, or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after /l/. In the latter environments, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).
- ^ a b c Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ^ a b c d e Nasals always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before velar consonants they are [ŋ], and before labial consonants they are [m]; the labiodental [ɱ] appears before /f/.
- ^ a b The rhotic consonants [r] and [ɾ] contrast only word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled ⟨rr⟩ and ⟨r⟩, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here); elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary, they result in one long trill, which may be transcribed as [ɾr]: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] (Hualde 2005:184).
- ^ a b Northern and Central Spain distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (/s/) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (/θ/). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as /s/. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo is not a phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as /θ/, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ^ In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as [h] or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by [s].
- ^ a b [v] and [z] are allophones of /f/ and /s/, respectively, found before voiced consonants.
- ^ /x/ is pronounced as [h] in many accents such as those in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Canary Islands, and Andalusia (Hualde 2005:156).
- ^ The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).
- ^ The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.
- ^ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
- ^ The semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuatro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with [i] and [u].
- ^ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].
References[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Hualde, José Ignacio (2005), The Sounds of Spanish, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54538-2
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/s0025100303001373
Pautan luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Spanish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Spanish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription