Braille bahasa Urdu

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Braille bahasa Urdu Pakistan
Braille Urdu Pakistan
Jenis
Bahasabahasa Urdu (di Pakistan)
Aksara induk
Asas cetakan
abjad Urdu
Braille bahasa Urdu India
Braille Urdu India
Jenis
abjad (?)
Bahasabahasa Urdu (di India)
Aksara induk
Asas cetakan
aksara Dewanagari

Menurut UNESCO (2013),[1] terdapat abjad braille yang berbeza untuk Urdu di India dan di Pakistan. Abjad India berdasarkan Braille Bharati negara, manakala abjad Pakistan berdasarkan Braille Parsi.

Abjad[sunting | sunting sumber]

Catatan: Tidak jelas adakah ini dari kanan ke kiri atau kiri ke kanan. Arah beberapa dwihuruf mungkin membingungkan.
Cetakan Pakistan India
ا – ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) (?)
آ ā ⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)
ب b ⠃ (braille pattern dots-12)
بھ bh ⠆ (braille pattern dots-23) ⠘ (braille pattern dots-45)
پ p ⠏ (braille pattern dots-1234)
پھ ph ⠖ (braille pattern dots-235)
ت t ⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)
تھ th ⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256) ⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)
ٹ ṭ ⠪ (braille pattern dots-246)[2] ⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456)
ٹھ ṭh ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)[2] ⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)
ث ṯ /s/ ⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)
ج j ⠚ (braille pattern dots-245)
جھ jh ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356)
چ c ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)
چھ ch ⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)
ح ḥ ⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)
خ x ⠭ (braille pattern dots-1346)
د d ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
دھ dh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)[3] ⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)
ڈ ḍ ⠬ (braille pattern dots-346) ⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)
ڈھ ḍh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠬ (braille pattern dots-346)[3] ⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)
ذ ḏ /z/ ⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)
ر r ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)
ڑ ṛ ⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)
ڑھ ṛh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)[3] ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)
ز z ⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)
ژ ž ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)[4] ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠴ (braille pattern dots-356)
س s ⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)
ش š ⠩ (braille pattern dots-146)
ص ṡ /s/ ⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346)
ض ḋ /z/ ⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)
ط ṫ /t/ ⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456)
ظ ż /z/ ⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)
ع ‘ ⠷ (braille pattern dots-12356)
غ ğ ⠣ (braille pattern dots-126) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
ف f ⠋ (braille pattern dots-124)
ق q ⠟ (braille pattern dots-12345)
ک k ⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)
کھ kh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)[3] ⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)
گ g ⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
گھ gh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)[3] ⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)
ل l ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)
م m ⠍ (braille pattern dots-134)
ن n ⠝ (braille pattern dots-1345)
ں (sengau) ⠰ (braille pattern dots-56)
و v/w ⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456) v ⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236)
ū ⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256)
ō ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)
au ⠪ (braille pattern dots-246)
ه h ⠓ (braille pattern dots-125)
ء ’ ⠄ (braille pattern dots-3) (?)
ی y ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24) y ⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)
ī ⠔ (braille pattern dots-35)
ے ē ⠌ (braille pattern dots-34) ē ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)
ai ⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)
َ◌ a ⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) (?)
ِ◌ i ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15) (sama?)
ُ◌ u ⠥ (braille pattern dots-136) (sama?)
ّ◌ (dbl) ⠠ (braille pattern dots-6) (?)

Tidak jelas adakah vokal dalam braille Urdu India mengikuti pengucapan dan padanan braille Dewanagari, atau ortografi cetakan.

Pemendekan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Braille Urdu Pakistan mempunyai beberapa pemendekan di luar konsonan embus:

كو ⠻, سا ⠑, نا ⠔,[5] و ن گ ⠶, نا ⠢,[5] نے ⠼, يا ⠽, لا ⠧, بے ⠤, اء ⠈.[6]

Tanda baca[sunting | sunting sumber]

Tanda baca asas di Pakistan sama seperti India. Lihat Braille Bharati#Tanda baca.

Lihat juga[sunting | sunting sumber]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ World Braille Usage, UNESCO, 2013
  2. ^ a b Or perhaps the reverse, ⠕ ṭ and ⠪ ṭh. (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff.)
  3. ^ a b c d e Not specifically attested. Assumed from the assignment of ⠦ to the print digraph element ھ.
  4. ^ Or perhaps a single glyph, ⠽ ž (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff), though according to UNESCO, that is the braille glyph for يا yā.
  5. ^ a b A duplication in the UNESCO reference, presumably an error. ⠔ may be ان instead, in which case ⠑ is probably also a mistake for اس. It appears that UNESCO got the letters backwards for several of the contractions.
  6. ^ Written hamza–alif, but labeled alif–hamza.
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