Krisis politik Bolivia 2019

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Krisis politik Bolivia 2019 berlaku pada 10 November 2019, selepas 21 hari protes awam berikutan pilihan raya umum Bolivia 2019 yang dipertikaikan di mana penyandang Presiden Evo Morales pada mulanya diumumkan sebagai pemenang. Pilihan raya itu berlaku selepas referendum untuk meminda perlembagaan Bolivia, yang mengehadkan bilangan penggal kepada dua, ditolak pada tahun 2016. Mahkamah Agung memutuskan bahawa semua pejabat awam tidak akan mempunyai had penggal walaupun apa yang telah ditetapkan dalam perlembagaan dan membenarkan Evo Morales bertanding untuk penggal keempat. [1]

Sebuah audit oleh Pertubuhan Negara Amerika (OAS), [2] yang mengeluarkan laporan penuh selepas itu, menyimpulkan bahawa penyelewengan yang ketara berlaku semasa proses pilihan raya. [3] [4] [5] Pemerhati dari Kesatuan Eropah mengeluarkan laporan dengan penemuan dan kesimpulan yang sama seperti OAS. [6] [7] Tentera dan polis Bolivia memaksa Presiden Evo Morales meletak jawatan. Beliau akur, disertai peletakan jawatan lain oleh ahli politik peringkat tinggi yang lain, dengan ada yang memetik kebimbangan terhadap keselamatan keluarga mereka. Kerajaan Mexico menawarkan suaka politik kepada Morales pada hari berikutnya, yang diterima Morales sehari selepas itu. [8] [9]

Naib presiden kedua Senat, senator pembangkang Jeanine Áñez, mengambil alih peranan presiden pada 12 November. Ini bukan tanpa kontroversi, kerana pelantikan awalnya dibuat semasa sesi perundangan ringkas yang tidak mempunyai kuorum, disebabkan pemulauan oleh parti Morales, Movement for Socialism ( Movimiento al Socialismo ; MAS). [10] Tribunal Perlembagaan Plurinasional Bolivia kemudiannya mengesahkan andaian Áñez sebagai presiden, dan parti pemerintah MAS mengembalikan kebanyakan ahli ke kedua-dua dewan, dengan beberapa memegang jawatan penting seperti Ketua Dewan Negara. [11] [12] [13] Mereka juga komited untuk bekerjasama dengan kerajaan sementara ke arah pilihan raya baharu. [14]

Morales menyeru agar rakyat Bolivia menolak kepimpinan Áñez. Beliau dan penyokongnya berhujah bahawa peristiwa itu adalah rampasan kuasa. Ahli politik, ilmuwan dan wartawan antarabangsa berpecah antara menyifatkan peristiwa itu sebagai rampasan kuasa atau kebangkitan rakyat. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Kongres Bolivia, dengan majoriti ahli parti MAS pimpinan Morales, sebulat suara meluluskan rang undang-undang pada 23 November 2019 yang membatalkan keputusan pilihan raya 20 Oktober, membenarkan pilihan raya baharu dan menghalang Evo Morales daripada menyertai pilihan raya baharu. [23] [24] [25] Rang undang-undang itu telah ditandatangani menjadi undang-undang pada hari berikutnya oleh presiden Áñez. [26] Pergolakan akhirnya akan membawa kepada pembunuhan beramai-ramai Senkata dan Sacaba . [27]

Pada 4 Disember 2019, OAS mengeluarkan laporan akhir berkaitan pilihan raya 20 Oktober, memperincikan apa yang mereka panggil taktik "sengaja" dan "berniat jahat" untuk menipu pilihan raya itu memihak kepada Presiden Morales. [28] [29] Analisis oleh Pusat Penyelidikan Ekonomi dan Dasar AS menolak analisis statistik OAS bagi data pilihan raya, dengan alasan bahawa ralat pengekodan asas mengakibatkan perubahan arah aliran yang tidak dapat dijelaskan. [30] [31] [32] Pada Ogos 2021, laporan yang ditugaskan oleh OAS dan dijalankan oleh pakar hak asasi manusia bebas menyimpulkan bahawa laluan kerajaan Añez untuk berkuasa datang dengan "penyelewengan" dan pencabulan hak asasi manusia yang serius oleh pasukan keselamatan. [33] [34] [35]

Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ Blair, Laurence (3 December 2017). "Evo for ever? Bolivia scraps term limits as critics blast 'coup' to keep Morales in power". The Guardian. Dicapai pada 1 January 2018. This week, the country’s highest court overruled the constitution, scrapping term limits altogether for every office. Morales can now run for a fourth term in 2019 – and for every election thereafter. ... the referendum results – which the government claims were invalid due to an opposition smear campaign directed by Washington ...
  2. ^ Anthony Faiola & Rachelle Krygier, Bolivia's Morales agrees to new elections after OAS finds 'manipulation', Washington Post (10 November 2019).
  3. ^ "OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". August 2009.
  4. ^ "OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development" (PDF). August 2009.
  5. ^ "OAS audit of Bolivian election finds evidence of systematic fraud | CBC News".
  6. ^ "Unión Europea Misiónde Expertos Electorales Bolivia 2019 Informe Final" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Sepanyol). European Union in Bolivia. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 6 July 2020. Dicapai pada 15 October 2020.
  7. ^ "Informe de la UE detectó "numerosos errores" en elecciones de Bolivia | Voice of America - Spanish". www.voanoticias.com (dalam bahasa Sepanyol). Voice of America Spanish. 21 December 2019. Dicapai pada 15 October 2020.
  8. ^ "Mexico says it would offer asylum to Bolivia's Morales if he sought it". Reuters. 11 November 2019 – melalui www.reuters.com.
  9. ^ "Bolivia crisis: Evo Morales accepts political asylum in Mexico". BBC News. 12 November 2019. Dicapai pada 12 November 2019.
  10. ^ Manetto, Francesco (13 November 2019). "La senadora Jeanine Áñez se proclama presidenta de Bolivia sin quórum en el Parlamento". El País (dalam bahasa Sepanyol). ISSN 1134-6582. Dicapai pada 13 November 2019.
  11. ^ "Constitutional court endorses Anez as Bolivia's interim president". indopremier.com. 13 November 2019.
  12. ^ "Bolivia´s constitutional court confirms legitimacy of power transfer to Anez". bernama.com. 13 November 2019.
  13. ^ "Mónica Eva Copa Murga asume la presidencia de la Cámara de Senadores - Diario Pagina Siete". www.paginasiete.bo (dalam bahasa Sepanyol). Dicapai pada 5 December 2019.
  14. ^ "Bolivia's warring parties strike deal for new elections to end deadly unrest". France 24 (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 15 November 2019. Dicapai pada 5 December 2019.
  15. ^ "Bolivian President Evo Morales resigns". BBC News. 11 November 2019."Bolivian president Evo Morales resigns after election result dispute". The Guardian. 10 November 2019. Dicapai pada 10 November 2019."Nicaraguan government denounces "coup" in Bolivia: statement". Reuters. 11 November 2019. Dicapai pada 11 November 2019."Mexico says Bolivia suffered coup due to military pressure on Morales". Reuters. 11 November 2019.Sofia Sanchez Manzanaro; Marta Rodríguez (12 November 2019). "Evo Morales political asylum: Is Bolivia facing a coup d'etat?". Euronews.John Bowden (11 November 2019). "Sanders 'very concerned about what appears to be a coup' in Bolivia". The Hill.
  16. ^ "AP Explains: Did a coup force Bolivia's Evo Morales out?". Associated Press. 11 November 2019. Dicapai pada 4 December 2019. Whether the events Sunday in Bolivia constitute a coup d’état is now the subject of debate in and outside the nation. ... Bolivia’s "coup" is largely a question of semantics
  17. ^ Fisher, Max (12 November 2019). "Bolivia Crisis Shows the Blurry Line Between Coup and Uprising". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ISSN 0362-4331. Dicapai pada 4 December 2019. But the Cold War-era language of coups and revolutions demands that such cases fit into clear narratives. ... Experts on Bolivia and on coups joined forces on Monday to challenge the black-and-white characterizations, urging pundits and social media personalities to see the shades of gray.
  18. ^ Zabludovsky, Karla (14 November 2019). "Bolivia Is The Internet's Latest Rorschach Test". BuzzFeed News (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 4 December 2019. And, as so often with the big names of Latin America – where the word "coup" is supercharged ... how you see what has happened to him is often dependent on your own political ideology. On the left, he’s seen as the victim of a putsch; on the right, his downfall is taken as evidence of democracy trumping authoritarianism on the continent.
  19. ^ de Haldevang, Max (15 November 2019). "The world's as divided about Bolivia's alleged coup as Bolivians themselves". Quartz (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 4 December 2019. So…was it a coup? Experts are as divided as everyone else on the question.
  20. ^ Johnson, Keith. "Why Is Evo Morales Suddenly No Longer President of Bolivia?". Foreign Policy (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 4 December 2019. It’s not a coup in any sense of the word, and Bolivia and Latin America have experience with actual coups. The army did not take charge of Bolivia. Morales, despite his protestations that police had an arrest warrant for him, is not in custody or even being sought.
  21. ^ "Bolivia reflects the deep polarization crisis in Latin America". Atlantic Council (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 14 November 2019. Dicapai pada 4 December 2019. Countries are debating why Evo Morales left power. Did he leave power of his own volition or was it a coup? There are two different responses to that question based on which country is speaking.
  22. ^ "Coup or not a coup? Bolivia's Evo Morales flees presidential crisis". Univision (dalam bahasa Sepanyol). 12 November 2019. Dicapai pada 4 December 2019. The discussion over whether it was a coup falls largely along ideological lines. Left wing supporters of Morales point like to point to a long history of military coups in Latin America, while critics of the former president point to the 14 years he spent in power, in violation of constitutional term limits. ... But political experts say the events hardly resemble a classic coup scenario. ... In a typical coup, the military usually take a more proactive role, taking up arms against the sitting ruler and installing one of their own in the presidential palace, at least temporarily.
  23. ^ "BBill for new elections in Bolivia sails through Congress". reuters (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 23 November 2019. Dicapai pada 5 December 2019.
  24. ^ "Bolivia approves new elections excluding Evo Morales". dw (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 24 November 2019. Dicapai pada 5 December 2019.
  25. ^ Otis, John (5 December 2019). "Veteran President's Rift With Bolivian Military Helped Drive His Early Exit". The Wall Street Journal (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 6 December 2019.
  26. ^ "Bolivia's interim President Añez approves legislation to hold new elections". dw (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 25 November 2019. Dicapai pada 5 December 2019.
  27. ^ "Five Killed as Political Violence Keeps Grip on Bolivia". The New York Times. 20 November 2019. In El Alto late Tuesday night, witnesses said, a military unit guarding the Senkata gasoline plant opened fire on protesters who had surrounded the plant for over a week. By blocking tankers from leaving the plant, Mr. Morales’s supporters were able to cut off La Paz’s main source of gasoline and food, causing acute shortages. At least eight people were reported killed.
  28. ^ "Bolivia election rigging in favor of Morales was 'overwhelming': OAS final report". todayonline.com/ (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 4 December 2019. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 5 December 2019. Dicapai pada 5 December 2019.
  29. ^ "Bolivia:'Overwhelming' evidence of vote rigging". dw (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 5 December 2019. Dicapai pada 5 December 2019.
  30. ^ Curiel, John; Williams, Jack R. "Analysis | Bolivia dismissed its October elections as fraudulent. Our research found no reason to suspect fraud". The Washington Post (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 23 March 2020.
  31. ^ Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Trigo, María Silvia (7 June 2020). "A Bitter Election. Accusations of Fraud. And Now Second Thoughts". The New York Times.
  32. ^ Laing, Aislinn (2 March 2020). "Study casting doubt on Bolivian election fraud triggers controversy". Reuters.
  33. ^ "Bolivia's interim government tortured and executed opponents, report says". The Guardian (dalam bahasa Inggeris). La Paz. Associated Press. August 17, 2021. Dicapai pada August 20, 2021.
  34. ^ Booth, Amy (August 18, 2021). "Racism, Sexism, and Politics Fueled Massacres in Bolivia, Says Report". Vice (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada August 20, 2021.
  35. ^ AP Newswire (August 17, 2021). "Report shines light on abuse by Bolivia's interim government". The Independent (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2021-08-17. Dicapai pada August 20, 2021.
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