Rebakan bandar
Rebakan bandar, juga dikenali sebagai rebakan pinggir bandar, merupakan konsep pelbagai dimensi, yang merangkumi rebakan bandar keluar dari bandar dan pinggir bandarnya ke kawasan kurang padat dan pembangunan bebas kereta di tanah kampung, pemisahan jauh kegunaan (contoh. kedai dan tempat tinggal), dan pelbagai ciri-ciri rekabentuk yang menggalakkan kebergantungan kepada kereta.[1]
Perbincangan dan perdebatan mengenai rebakan sering dikelirukan dengan kekaburan yang dikaitkan dengan farsa "Matlamat mencipta bandar kekal diri dan tertutup dihentikan oleh rebakan bandar kerana pembangunan tidak dikawal." (K.H Sebonego, 2010, University of Botswana)Templat:Huh Sebagai contoh, sesetengah pengulas mengukur rebakan hanya dengan purata unit penduduk setiap ekar kawasan yang diukur. Tetapi yang lain mengaitkannya dengan nyahpusat (rebakan populasi tanpa pusat yang ditetapkan dengan jelas), terputus-putus (pembangunan melangkau, sebagaimana ditakrif di bawah), penggunaan berasingan, dll.
The term urban sprawl generally has negative connotations due to the health, environmental and cultural issues associated with the phrase.[2] Residents of sprawling neighborhoods tend to emit more pollution per person and suffer more traffic fatalities.[3][4] Sprawl is controversial, with supporters claiming that consumers prefer lower density neighborhoods and that sprawl does not necessarily increase traffic.[5]
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[sunting] Crowding and increased aggression
Numerous studies link increased population density with increased aggression. Some people believe that increased population density encourages crime and anti-social behavior. It is argued that human beings, while social animals, need significant amounts of social space or they become agitated and aggressive.[6] However, the relationship between higher densities and increased social pathology has been largely discredited [7]
[sunting] Rujukan
- ↑ What is Sprawl?. SprawlCity.org
- ↑ Frumkin, Howard (May–June 2002). Urban Sprawl and Public Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
- ↑ Norman, Jonathan; Heather L. MacLean and Christopher A. Kennedy (March 2006). "Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life-Cycle Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Journal of Urban Planning and Development (Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers) 32 (1): 10–21. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2006)132:1(10). ISSN 0733-9488. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JUPDDM000132000001000010000001. Capaian 2008-02-07.
- ↑ Van Pelt, Julie (ed.) (2006). Cascadia Scorecard 2006 (PDF), Cascadia Scorecard, Seattle, Washington: Sightline Institute. ISBN 1-886093-16-4. URL dicapai pada 2008-02-07.
- ↑ Moore, Adrian; Rick Henderson (June 1998). "Plan Obsolescence", Reason Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-02-07.
- ↑ Sennett, Richard (ed.) (June 1969). Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities, 67–83, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- ↑ Fischer, Claude S., Mark Baldasarre, and R. J. Ofshe. 1975. "Crowding Studies and Urban Life - A Critical Review." Journal of the American Institute of Planners 41(6): 406-418.
[sunting] Bibliografi kerja yang dipetik
- Baudrillard, Jean (1983). Simulacra and Simulation.
- Duany, Andrés; Plater-Zyberk, Elizabeth (2000). Suburban Nation: The rise of sprawl and the decline of the American Dream, New York: North Point Press.
- Jameson, Fredric (1990). Postmodernism or the cultural logic of late capitalism.
- Koolhaas, Rem (2003). Junkspace, Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping, Harvard Press.
- Schlosser, Eric (2002). Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, Houghton Mifflin Company.
- DeGrove, John and Robyne Turner (1991) "Local Government in Florida: Coping with Massive and Sustained Growth" in Huckshorn, R. (ed.) Government and Politics in Florida, University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
- Hirschhorn, Joel S. (2005), Sprawl Kills - How Blandburbs Steal Your Time, Health, and Money. New York: Sterling & Ross. ISBN 0-9766372-0-0
- Crawford, Margaret (1992) "The World in a Shopping Mall" in Sorkin, Michael (ed.), Variations on a Theme Park, The new American city and the end of public space, Hill and Wang, New York, pp. 3–30.
- Frieden, Bernard J. and Sagalyn, Lynne B. (1989) Downtown Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Davies, Ross (1960). ''Retail Planning Policies in Western Europe, Routledge.
- Gruen, Victor and Larry Smith (1960) Shopping towns USA: the planning of shopping centers, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
- Stein, Jay (1993). 'Growth Management: The planning challenge of the 1990’s', Sage Publications.
[sunting] Bacaan lanjut
- Jackson, Kenneth T.. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
- Bruegmann, Robert. Sprawl: A Compact History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. ISBN 0-226-07691-1
- Garreau, Joel, "Edge City: life on the new frontier". New York, Anchor Books, 1991.
- Gielen, Tristan. Coping with compaction; the demon of sprawl. Auckland, Random House New Zealand, 2006.
- Hayden, Dolores. "A Field Guide to Sprawl". New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 2004.
- Rybczynski, Witold (Nov. 7, 2005). "Suburban Despair". Slate.
- Vicino, Thomas, J. Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
- Winkler, Robert. Going Wild: Adventures with Birds in the Suburban Wilderness. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2003.
