Königsberg: Perbezaan antara semakan
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Semakan pada 22:55, 6 Februari 2013
Königsberg di Prussia | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Jata | |
| Bekas negara: | Prussia/German Reich |
Königsberg merupakan sebuah bekas bandar di Jerman, ibu negeri wilayah Prusia Timur dari lewat Zaman Pertengahan hingga tahun 1945. Ia diserahkan kepada Kesatuan Soviet selepas Perang Dunia Kedua dan dinamakan semula kepada Kaliningrad.
Rujukan
- Kesusasteraan
- Baedeker, Karl (1904). Baedeker's Northern Germany. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. m/s. 395.
- Biskup, Marian. Königsberg gegenüber Polen und dem Litauen der Jagiellonen zur Zeit des Mittelalters (bis 1525) in Królewiec a Polska Olsztyn 1993 (Jerman)
- Bötticher, Adolf (1897). Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen. Heft VII. Königsberg. Königsberg: Rautenberg. m/s. 395. (Jerman)
- Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. m/s. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.
- Clark, Christopher (2006). Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard. m/s. 776. ISBN 0-674-02385-4.
- Gause, Fritz: Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg in Preußen. Three volumes, Böhlau, Cologne 1996, ISBN 3-412-08896-X (Jerman).
- Holborn, Hajo (1964). A History of Modern Germany: 1648-1840. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. m/s. 556.
- Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: 1840-1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press. m/s. 844. ISBN 0-691-00797-7.
- Kirby, David (1990). Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World, 1492–1772. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-00410-1.
- Kirby, David (1999). The Baltic World, 1772–1993: Europe’s Northern Periphery in an Age of Change. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-00408-X.
- "Juden in Königsberg". Ostpreussen.net. 2006-12-12. Dicapai pada 2008-03-05. (Jerman)
- Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights (1): The red-brick castles of Prussia 1230–1466. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. m/s. 64. ISBN 1-84176-557-0.
- Urban, William (2003). The Teutonic Knights: A Military History. London: Greenhill Books. m/s. 290. ISBN 1-85367-535-0.
- Wieck, Michael (2003). A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "Certified Jew. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-18544-3.
- Zinkevičius, Zigmas (2008). Mažosios Lietuvos indėlis į lietuvių kultūrą. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. m/s. 286. ISBN 978-5-420-01621-3.