Pasaran gelap
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Templat:Economic systems sidebar
Sebuah 'pasaran gelap' adalah sebuah pasaran barangan atau perkhidmatan yang berjalan di luar yang rasmi disokong oleh kuasa negara. Biasanya kejumlahan sebarang kegiatan dirujukkan pada dengan rencana pasti sebagai suatu tambahan pada ekonomi rasmi, oleh pasaran untuk sebarang barangan dan perkhidmatan, contohnya "pasaran gelap pada daging hutan" atau "pasaran gelap di China" bidang kuasa negara state. Walaupun pasaran dalam ekonomi biasa tidak diberikan berpuncakan "putih", pasaran-pasaran yang mempunyai kedudukan sempadan digelar "kelabu".
Isi kandungan |
Lihat juga [sunting]
- Agorism
- Ekonomi lawan
- Ekonomi bukan rasmi
- Pasaran kelabu
- Etika bisnes
- Wide boy
- Household electricity approach
- Pekerjaan tidak dilaporkan
Bacaan lanjut [sunting]
- Breusch, Trevor. Estimating the Underground Economy using MIMIC Models. Ideas.repec. http://129.3.20.41/eps/em/papers/0507/0507003.pdf. Capaian 2005.
- Feige, Edgar L. (1989 and 2007). The Underground Economies:Tax Evasion and Information Distortion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 378. ISBN 0-521-26230-5. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=G93eU0FgQqEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Underground+economies+feige&ots=5cnfmowcGx&sig=fUxgZi99BofvbbUe7B_Mha-_gps#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Feige, Edgar L. (July, 1990). "Defining And Estimating Underground And Informal Economies: The New Institutional Economics Approach". World Development. Elsevier, 18 (7): 989–1002. http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpdc/0312003.html.
- Schneider, Friedrich; Enste, Dominik H. (2000). "Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and Consequences". Journal of Economic Literature (American Economic Association) 38 (1): 77–114. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2565360..
Rujukan [sunting]
Pautan luar [sunting]
- Official March 2000 French Parliamentary Report on the obstacles on the control and repression of financial criminal activity and of money-laundering in Europe by French MPs Vincent Peillon and Arnaud Montebourg, third section on "Luxembourg's political dependency toward the financial sector: the Clearstream affair" (pp. 83–111 on PDF version)
- The Underground Economy from National Center for Policy Analysis (1998)
- Going Underground: America's Shadow Economy by Jim McTague (2005)
- The Underground Economy: Global Evidence of Its Size and Impact (1997)
- The Effects of a Black Market Using Supply and Demand
- Information on Black Market products
- Economist, 11 August 2010, A lengthening shadow: Shadow economies have grown since the financial crisis began
